S. No

Volume-4 Issue-6, January 2016, ISSN:  2277-3878 (Online)
Published By: Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering & Sciences Publication Pvt. Ltd. 

Page No.

1.

Authors:

Suresha Gowda M. V, Vidyasagar H. N, Ranganatha S

Paper Title:

Influence of Ball Material on Deformation in Non-Conforming Contact Ball Elements

Abstract:     The life of machine element is important in industry so that the equipment is more reliable and economical in operation. Machineries invariably used rolling elements. The performance of these rolling elements depends on stress state. The deformation which is complicated in such elements depends on the type of materials used to manufacture the elements and nature of loading. The loads are in general repetitive in nature and hence the deformation becomes much more complicated. Such complicated deformation is also called as rolling contact fatigue (RCF). The state of stress is evaluated using Hertz’s stress contact theory. Such estimated stress could be used to predict deformations. The repetitive loading accompanied by Hertz’s type of contact stresses leads to complication in design in such rolling elements. The literature study showed that not much of work carried out in understanding the complex deformation due to cyclic Hertz contact stresses. In the present study a four ball test rig (ASTM D 4172 standard) was used to simulate the field conditions of the bearing element. The studies were carried out both for static and dynamic conditions. High carbon high chromium steel balls are used for static study. High carbon high chromium steel, case hardened carbon steel and stainless steel balls are used for dynamic study. Lubricant SAE 20W40 was used in dynamic test. The dynamic test was carried at a 1000 rpm at varying load levels of 50N, 100N, 150N, 300N, 500N, 700N and 900N. The experiments were conducted for a period of 30 minutes. The contact radius in case of static test and co-efficient of friction in case of dynamic test was estimated. Scanning electron micrographic studies were carried on wear scar. The wear grooves which represent the non-uniform deformations were observed to be dependent on load level and type of material. At higher load level the deformation was found to be uniform with the absence of wear grooves for all materials. In general the co-efficient of friction was found to depend on the applied normal load. There was a correlation between co-efficient of friction and state of deformation.

Keywords: Rolling contact fatigue, four ball tester, Hertz contact stress.

References:
1.       R. Scott Hyde, (1996)"Contact fatigue of hardened steel", ASM Handbook, Fatigue and Fracture. Vol.19,   p.1749- 1773.
2.       J.E. Fernandez Rico, A. Hernandez Baltez, D. Garcia Cuervo, (2003)"Rolling contact fatigue in lubricated   contacts", Tribology International, Vol. 36, p.35–40.
3.       Y. wang, M. Hadfield, (2000)"The influence of ring crack location on the rolling contact fatigue failure of lubricated silicon nitride: fracture mechanics analysis", Wear, Vol. 243, p.167–174
4.       B.S Kothavale,July-September(2011)”Evaluation of Extreme Pressure Properties Lubricating Oil Using Four Ball  Friction Testing Machine”.IJAET, Vol.2, p.56-58
5.       Hernandez Battez, J.E. Fernandez Rico, R. Chou Rodriguez,(2005) “Rolling fatigue tests of three polyglycol lubricants" Wear, Vol. 258, p.1467–1470.
6.       J. Kang, M. Hadfield, (2000) "The influence of heterogeneous porosity on silicon nitride/steel wear in bubricated rolling contact", Ceramics International, Vol. 26, p.315–324.
7.       P Zhao et al., The influence of test lubricants on the rolling contact fatigue failure mechanisms of silicon nitride ceramic. Wear, Vol. 257, Issue 9-10, Nov 2004, P. 1047-1057.
8.       J. Kang, M. Hadfield, December (2003) "Comparison of 4– ball and 5–ball rolling contact fatigue tests on lubricated Si3N4/steel contact", Materials and Design, Vol. 24, Issue 8, p.595– 604.
9.       K. L. Johnson, (1985)"Contact mechanics", Cambridge University Press.
10.    Experimental investigation of rolling contact fatigue of dented surfaces using artificial defects. Tribology and Interface Engineering Series. Vol. 48, 2005, 691-702.
11.    J.Halling, Principles of tribology. 1975, Mc Millan Publications.
12.    E.P.Bowden and Tabor, Friction and lubrication of solids.1954, Oxford University.

1-8

2.

Authors:

Mahesh N. Javalkar, Gouri G. Uppin

Paper Title:

Image Denoising and Enhancement using Multilevel 2-D Dwt Lifting

Abstract:      In general, images are often corrupted by noise in the procedures of image acquisition and transmission. The noise may seriously affect the performance of image processing techniques . Hence image denoising and enhancement plays an important role in the field of image processing. The Wavelet Transform provides a scale based decomposition . For discrete time signals , Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) is implemented by two methods , the convolution method and the lifting scheme method . The basic idea is done by filtering the input signal with a low pass filter and a high pass filter and downsampling the outputs by a factor 2 . The lifting scheme is an efficient method of wavelet transform and is far better than the convolution method because of its advantages like faster implementation of wavelet transform , requires lesser number of computations , allows fully in-place calculation and reversible integer wavelet transform. The lifting scheme can be applied forwardly to enhance or denoise the image and it can further be applied inversely to get back the original image. In this paper the 2-dimensinal lifting based discrete wavelet transform (2-D DWT) method is implemented for image denoising and enhancement . The 2-D DWT lifting scheme algorithm has been implemented using MATLAB program for both modules , Forward Discrete Wavelet Transform (FDWT) and Inverse Discrete Wavelet Transform (IDWT) to determine the Mean Square Error (MSE) and the Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) for the retrieved image . To implement denoising different noisy images are taken and denoised using 2-D DWT lifting scheme. The results are compared in terms of MSE, PSNR and execution time values . To verify enhancement the proposed lifting based DWT method is compared with Histogram Equilization(HE) method. The results show much more improved contrast enhancement by lifting based DWT as compare to the HE method . The parameter comparisons like MSE (reduced to approximately 1/10th in lifting scheme as compare to HE method) , PSNR (almost doubled in Lifting scheme as compare to HE method) are obtained for different images to show better enhancement using lifting based DWT method .

Keywords: Histogram Equalization (HE), Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), Mean Square Error (MSE), Peal Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) , Lifting scheme  Forward Discrete Wavelet Transform (FDWT, Inverse Discrete Wavelet Transform (IDWT).

References:
1.       Ammu Anna Mathew , S. Kamatchi ,“ Brightness and Resolution Enhancement of Satellite Images using SVD and DWT “ IJETT , Volume 4 , Issue 4 , April 2013
2.       R.Vani, K.SoundaraRajan “ DWT and PCA based Image Enhancement with Gaussian Filter “ IJISME , Volume 1 , Issue 3 , Feb 2013
3.       G.Veena , V.Uma, Ch.Ganapathy Reddy ,” Contrast Enhancement for Remote Sensing Images with Discrete Wavelet Transform “, IJRTE , Volume 2, Issue 3, July 2013
4.       Srikant S , M.Jagadeeswari “ High Speed VLSI Architechture for Multilevel Lifting 2-D DWT Using MIMO” , IJSCE , Volume 2, Issue 2, May 2012
5.       UshaBhanu.N , Dr.A.Chilambuchelvan, “ A Detailed survey on VLSI Architectures for Lifting based DWT for efficient hardware implementation”, VLSICS, Volume 3 , No. 2, April 2012
6.       P. Rajesh , S. Srikant , V. Muralidharan, “An Efficient Architechture for Multilevel lifting 2-D DWT”, IJESIT, Volume 1, Issue 2, Nov. 2012
7.       R.P. MeenaakshiSundari , R.Anita , S. Ganesh Babu, “High throughput and Efficient Memory VLSI Structure using 2-D DWT in Multilevel Lifting Technique” IASET, Volume 2 , Issue 1 , Feb. 2013
8.       Naseer M. Basheer , Mustafa Mushtak Mohammed “ Design and FPGA Implementation of a Lifting Scheme 2-D DWT Architechture” IJRTE , Volume 2, Issue 1 , March 2013
9.       S. Nagaraja Rao , Dr. M. N. Giriprasad “ The Effective Utilization of Lifting Schemes for Constructing Second Generation Wavelets , A Survey on the current State-of-the-Art”, IJOSP, Volume 4, No. 4 , Dec. 2011
10.    Snehal O. Mundhada , Prof.V.K.Shandilya , “ Image Enhancement and Its Various Techniques”, IJARCSSE , Volume 2 , Issue 4 , April 2012
11.    Ms SeemaRajput , Prof S. R. Suralkar “ Comparative Study of Image Enhancement Techniques”, IJCSMC, Volume 2 , Issue 1 , Jan 2013.  
12.    Sachin D. Ruikar , Dharampal D. Doye , “Wavelet Based Image Denoising Technique”, IJACSA, Volume 2 , No. 3 , March 2011
13.    S.S.Bedi , RatiKhandelwal ,“ Various Image Enhancement Techniques-A Critical Review ”, IJARCCE Volume 2 , Issue 3 , March 2013
14.    Sitti RachmawatiYahya, S.N.H Sheikh Abdullah , K.Omar , M.S.Zakaria, .C.Y. Liong, “Review on Image Enhancement Methods of Old Manuscript with Damaged Background “, IJEEI , Volume 2 , No. 1 , Jan 2010.
15.    Anish Kumar Vishwakarma ,Agya Mishra, “Color Image Enhancement Techniques: A Critical Review “, IJCSE , Volume 3 , No. 1, March 2012.
16.    Rakhi Chanana ,Er. Parneet Kaur Randhawa, Er. Navneet Singh Randhawa, “ Spatial Domain based Image Enhancement Techniques for Scanned Electron Microscope (SEM) Images “, IJCSI , Volume 8 , Issue 4 , July 2011.
17.    Rajesh Garg, Bhawna Mittal, SheetalGarg , “Histogram Equalization Techniques For Image Enhancement “, IJECT Vol. 2, Issue 1, March 2011
18.    S.M. Ramesh, Dr. A. Shanmugam, “ A New Technique for Enhancement of Color Images by Scaling the Discrete Cosine Transform Coefficients, IJECT Vol. 2, Issue 1, March 2011.

9-14

3.

Authors:

Gouri G Uppin, Mahesh N. Javalkar

Paper Title:

Design and Simulink Implementation of 128-bit Vedic Multiplier

Abstract:  In the calculation of real numbers, carry needs to be propagated from the least significant bit (LSB) to the most significant bit (MSB) when binary partial products are added. Thus because of this process, the addition and subtraction after binary multiplications limit the overall speed. Existing vedic multiplication is available for 8bits, 16bits, 32bit and 64 bits, proposed system is for 128bits multiplication and to increased time efficiency, with less consumption of power. Nikhilam Sutra literally means “all from 9 and last from 10”. Although it is applicable to all cases of multiplication, it is more efficient when the numbers involved are large. Since it finds out the compliment of the large number from its nearest base to perform the multiplication operation on it, larger is the original number, lesser the complexity of the multiplication. Thus, by using Nikhilam sutra it possible to multiply large numbers which is the limitation in the simple array multipliers. Nikhilam  Navatashcaramam Dashatah- All from 9 and the last from 10 From the sixteen sutras available in Vedic mathematics, among them only two sutras are applicable for multiplication operation. They are Urdhva Triyakbhyam Sutra (literally means vertically and cross wise) and Nikhilam Sutra (literally means all from 9 and last from 10).Vedic Mathematics provides some effective algorithms which can be applied to various application fields of engineering. Out of these algorithms former proves to be a faster algorithm and applicable in all cases.

Keywords:  Vedic Multiplie (V M ),Radix selection unit  (RSU), Exponent Determinant (E D),  Mean Determinant (MD) Multiplexer (MUX)

References:
1.       Prabir Saha•, Arindam Banerjee••, Partha Bhattacharyya•, Anup Dandapat , High Speed ASIC Design of Complex Multiplier Using Vedic Mathematics ,Proceeding of the 2011 IEEE Students' Technology Symposium 14-16 January, 2011, lIT Kharagpur.
2.       Saha,  Banerjee,  Dandapat,  Bhattacharyya, vedic mathematics based 32-bit multiplier design for high speed low power processors , international journal on smart sensing and intelligent systems vol. 4, no. 2, june 2011.
3.       Manoranjan Pradhan,Rutuparna Panda,Sushanta Kumar Sahu, 16 Speed Comparison of 16x16 Vedic Multipliers International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887) Volume 21– No.6, May 2011.
4.       Tom´as Lang and Alberto Nannarelli , Combined Radix-10 and Radix-16 Division Unit, 978-1-4244-2110-7-2007 IEEE.
5.       Badal sharma,   Design and hardware implementation of  128-bit vedic multiplier ,  volume 1, issue v, june 2013 international journal for advance research in engineering and technology.
6.       R.Priya and J.Senthil Kumar,     Implementation and comparison of vedic multiplier using area efficient CSLA architectures. Volume 73, no.10,july 2013.international journal of computer application.
7.       G.Ganesh Kumar , V. Charishma,     Design of high speed vedic multiplier using vedic mathematics techniques. Volume 2, march 2012.
8.       Poornima M, Shivaraj Kumar Patil, Shivukumar , Shridhar K P , Sanjay H  ,    Implementation of Multiplier using Vedic Algorithm,  International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE) ISSN: 2278-3075, Volume-2, Issue-6, May 20139.       Poornima M, Shivaraj Kumar Patil, Shivukumar , Shridhar K P ,sanjay “Implementation of Multiplier using Vedic Algorithm 
10.    Kripa Mathew,  S.Asha Latha, T.Ravi, E.Logashanmugam, proposed “ Design and Analysis of an Array Multiplier Using an Area Efficient Full Adder Cell in 32nm CMOS Technology”
11.    N. Ravi, A.Satish, Dr.T.Jayachandra Prasad and Dr.T.Subba Rao  proposed “A New Design for Array Multiplier with Trade off in Power and Area”.

15-18

4.

Authors:

K. Selvan, M. Vanitha

Paper Title:

A Machine Learning Approach for Detection of Phished Websites Using Neural Networks

Abstract:  Phishing is a means of obtaining confidential information through fraudulent website that appear to be legitimate On detection of all the criteria ambiguities and certain considerations involve hence neural network techniques are used to build an effective tool in identifying phished websites There are many phishing detection techniques available, but a central problem is that web browsers rely on a black list of known phishing website, but some phishing website has a lifespan as short as a few hours. These website with a shorter lifespan are known as zero day phishing website. Thus, a faster recognition system needs to be developed for the web browser to identify zero day phishing website .To develop a faster recognition system, a neural network technique is used which reduces the error and increases the performance. This paper describes a framework to better classify and predict the phishing sites.

Keywords:   Detection, Machine Learning, Neural Network, Phishing, Security.

References:
1.       A Machine Learning Approach for Detection of Phished Websites Using Neural Networks  by Charmi J. Chandan, Hiral P. Chheda, Disha M. Gosar, Hetal R. Shah.
2.       Efficient prediction of phishing websites using supervised learning algorithms by Santhana Lakshmi V, Vijaya MS.
3.       An Efficient Approach for Phishing Detection Using Neuro-Fuzzy Model by  Luong Anh Tuan Nguyen, Ba Lam To, and Huu Khuong Nguyen.
4.       Development of Anti-Phishing Model for Classification of Phishing E-mail by Niharika Vaishnaw , S R Tandan.
5.       Evolving Fuzzy Neural Network for Phishing Emails Detection-Ammar ALmomani, Tat-Chee Wan
6.       Phishing Detection Using Neural Network-Ningxia Zhang, YongqingYuanFreedman
7.       Detection of Phishing Attacks: A Machine Learning Approach-Ram Basnet, Srinivas Mukkamala, and Andrew H. Sung
8.       A Framework for Predicting Phishing Websites Using Neural Networks-A.Martin1, a.Ba.Anutthamaa, M.Sathyavathy, Marie Manjari Saint Francois,
Dr.PrasannaVenkatesan
9.       Phishing Activity Trends Report- 2nd Quarter 2012-APWG
10.    Techniques for detecting zero day phishing websites by Michael Blasi
11.    www.phishtank.com
12.    Saeed Abu-Nimeh, Dario Nappa, Xinlei Wang, and Suku Nair. A comparison of machine learning techniques for phishing detection. In Proceedings of the Anti-Phishing Working Group eCrime Researchers Summit, pages 649–656, 2007.
13.    Ion Androutsopoulos, John Koutsias, Konstantinos V.Chandrinos, George Paliouras, and Constantine D.Spyropoulos. An evaluation of naive bayesian anti-spam filtering. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Machine Learning in the New Information Age, 11th European Conference on Machine Learning, Barcelona,Spain, 2002.
14.    Ram Basnet, Srinivas Mukkamala, and Andrew H.Sung. Detection of phishing attacks: A machine learning approach. Studies in Fuzziness and Soft Computing,226:373–383, 2008.
15.    Madhusudhanan Chandrasekaran, Krishnan Narayanan, and Shambhu Upadhyaya. Phishing e-mail detection based on structural properties. In Proceedings of the NYS Cyber Security Conference, 2006.
16.    James Clark, Irena Koprinsk, and Josiah Poon. A neural network based approach to automated e-mail classification. In Proc. IEEE/WIC International Conference on Web Intelligence (WI), pages 702–705, 2003.
17.    Ian Fette, Norman Sadeh, and Anthony Tomasic. Learning to detect phishing emails. In Proceedings of the International World Wide Web Conference(WWW),
18.    Network Working Group. Multipurpose internet mail extensions (MIME) part two:media types. http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2046#section-5.1.4,1996.
19.    Andrew Ng. CS229 lecture notes. http://cs229. stanford.edu/notes/cs229-notes5.pdf, 2012
20.    Martin Riedmiller and Heinrich Braun. A direct adaptive method for fast back propagation learning: The rprop algorithm. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Neural Networks, volume 5, pages 586–591, 1993.

19-23

5.

Authors:

Yugandhara S. Sontakke, V. G. Sayagavi, P. J. Salunke, N. G. Gore

Paper Title:

Seismic Analysis of Multi-Storey Building on Sloping Ground

Abstract: In most of the northern earthquake prone hilly part of the India, due to local topography constraint engineered construction is resulting in the adoption of either a step back or step back & set back configuration as a structural form for buildings. The adopted form is generally irregular, torsionally coupled & hence, susceptible to serve damage when affected by earthquake ground motion. Such buildings have mass & stiffness varying along the vertical & horizontal planes, resulting the centre of mass & centre of rigidity do not coincide on various floors, hence they demand torsional analysis, in addition to lateral forces under the action of earthquakes. In this paper seismic analysis performed on 48 RC buildings with three different configurations like, Step back building, Step back Set back building and Set back building are presented. 3 –D response spectrum analysis including torsional effect has been carried out by considering the dynamic response properties i.e. fundamental time period, top storey displacement and, the base shear action induced in columns with reference to the suitability of a building configuration on sloping ground. It is observed that Step back Set back buildings are found to be more suitable on sloping ground.

Keywords: Building, Etab, Response Spectrum Analysis, Seismic, Sloping ground.

References:
1.        “Seismic performance of multi-storeyed building on sloping ground” by S. M.Nagargoje and K.S.Sable Elixir Elec. Engg.
2.        “Seismic Analysis of Buildings Resting on Sloping Ground.” by Birajdar, B G., and S. S. Nalawade.
3.        “Earthquake Behaviour of Reinforced Concrete Framed Buildings On Hill Slopes.” By Ajay Kumar Sreerama & Pradeep Kumar Ramancharla.
4.        “Seismic Behaviour of Buildings Located on Slopes – An Analytical Study and Some Observations From Sikkim Earthquake of September 18, 2011” by Y. Singh & Phani Gade and D.H. Lang & E. Erduran.
5.        “Seismic Analysis of Buildings Resting on Sloping Ground with Varying Number of Bays and Hill Slopes” by Dr. S. A. Halkude, Mr. M. G. Kalyanshetti,.
6.        “Effect of Sloping Ground on Step- Back and Setback Configurations of R.C.C. Frame Building” by Chaitrali Arvind Deshpande & Prof. P. M. Mohite.
7.        “A Review on Seismic Analysis Of a Building on sloping ground” by Sanjaya Kumar Patro, Susanta Banerjee, Debasnana Jena, Sourav Kumar Das.
8.        “Seismic performance of buildings resting on sloping ground-A review” by Hemal Dr. R. B. Khadiranaikar and Arif Masali.
9.        “Earthquake Building Vulnerability and Damage Assessment with Reference to Sikkim Earthquake 2011” thesis by Venkata Purna Teja Malladi.
10.     “Dynamics of Structures” by A.K.Chopra
11.     “Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures’ by Shashikant K Duggal”
12.     “Some Concepts in Earthquake Behaviour of Buildings” by C. V. R. Murty, Rupen Goswami, A. R. Vijaynarayanan, Vipul V. Mehta
13.     IS 1893 (Part I) 2002 “Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures”.
14.     Explanatory Examples on Indian Seismic Code IS 1893 (Part I) by Dr. Sudhir K Jain (IITK-GSDMA)

24-28

6.

Authors:

M. A.  Kounain, Z. Khan, F. Al-Sulaiman, N. Merah

Paper Title:

Low Velocity Impact Damage Analysis in Plain Weave Woven GFRP Laminates Through Optical and SEM Microscopy

Abstract:    In the present study, instrumented drop weight impact tests at different impact energies were performed to investigate the modes and mechanisms of the low velocity impact damage in plain weave woven glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) composite laminates. 8-ply, 16-ply, 24-ply and 32-ply laminates having identical 0o layup were examined via optical and scanning electron microscopy after free falling weight single bounce impacts. It was found that under low velocity impact the failure was initiated by matrix cracking at the interstitial region of 0° GFRP composite laminates. These matrix cracks were much extensive in 8-ply laminates as compared to laminates with larger number of plies. These matrix cracks propagate to cause fiber fracture and fiber matrix debonding and extend across the thickness of the laminate to introduce delamination. The eventual failure thus occurs through the combination of matrix cracking, fiber fracture, fiber matrix debonding and delamination.

Keywords: Low Velocity Impact, GFRP Laminates, Damage Characterization, Optical and SEM Microscopy

References:
1.        N. R. Mathivanan, J. Jerald, “Experimental Investigation of Woven E-Glass Epoxy Composite Laminates Subjected to Low-Velocity Impact at Different Energy Levels”,  Journal of Minerals & Materials Characterization & Engineering, Vol. 9, No.7, 2010, pp.643-652, 
2.        Ben Jar, Gros X E, Takahashi K, Kawabatta K, Murai J, Shinagawa Y, Evaluation of Delamination Resistance of Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymers Under Impact Loading, Journal of Advanced Materials, July 2000, Vol. 32, No. 3, pp. 35-45
3.        L. Sunith Babu, H. K. Shivanand, “SEM Based Studies on Damage Analysis of GFRP  and CFRP Sandwich Composites” American Journal of Materials Science 2015, 5(3C), pp. 146-150                 
4.        M.T.H.Sultan, A.Hodzic, W.J.Staszewski and K. Worden, “A SEM-Based Study of Structural Impact Damage”, Applied Mechanics and Materials Vols. 24-25 (2010) pp. 233-238
5.        T. Lendze, R. Wojtyra, L. Guillaumat, C. Biateau, K. Imielińska, “Low Velocity Impact Damage in Glass/Polyester Composite Sandwich Panels, Advances in Materials Science, Vol. 6, No. 1 (9), 2006, PP. 26-35
6.        Tien-Wei Shyr, Hao Pan Yu, Impact resistance and damage characteristics of composite laminates, Composite Structures, 2003, Vol. 62, pp. 193–203.
7.        Dahsin Liu, Delamination resistance in stitched and unstitched composite plates subjected to Impact Loading, Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites,
January 1990, Vol. 9.
8.        Sohn M.S., Hua X.Z, Kimb J.K, and Walkera L, Impact damage characterization of carbon fibre/epoxy composites with multi-layer reinforcement, Composites: Part B, 2000, Vol. 31, pp. 681-691
9.        Morais W.A de, Monteiro S.N, d’ Almeida J.R.M, Effect of the laminate thickness on the composite strength to repeated low energy impacts, Composite Structures, 2005, Vol. 70, pp. 223–228.
10.     Dear, J. P., Brown, S. A., Impact Damage Processes in Reinforced Polymeric Materials, Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 34 pp. 411-420, 2003.
11.     Chang, F., and Y. Choi, “Damage of laminated Composites due to Low-velocity impact”, Mechanics of Materials, Vol. 10, (1990), p. 83.
12.     Zhou, G., “Damage resistance and tolerance in thick laminated composite plates subjected to low-velocity impact,” Key Engineering Materials, 141-143, (1998),    pp.305-334.
13.     M.S. Found, "Impact Behaviour of FRP Composites", Key Engineering Materials, Vol. 144, pp. 55-62, Sep. 1997

29-39

7.

Authors:

Hemaraju, Ranganatha S, Shashidhara K N

Paper Title:

Role of Hardness on Abrasive Wear Modes in a Three Body Wear

Abstract:     In thermal power plants, fluid slurry conveying and other industrial applications where material is conveyed, the hard materials will be in-contact with parts of conveyors. The surfaces of piping and pumps surfaces come in contact with hard particles. The mill components like grinding ring, grinding balls and other components of the mill are exposed to different hard particles. In all the above the common feature is ‘two bodies’ which are in contact while transferring load and displacement from one object to other object. Apart from many are also exist, relative motions between the two objects. This type of loading and dynamic conditions gives rise to elastic, inelastic and surface damage of both the objects. This causes damage of machinery equipment which affects the efficiency of a machine and in extreme conditions leading to breakdown of machines. In the present investigations experiments have been conducted to understand basic wear mechanisms that will be prevailing when hardness of the material varies. For simulating the field conditions rubber wheel abrader test is used for conducting experiments. Mild steel (130.9 BHN heat resistant steel (155.6 BHN) High carbon high chromium steel (158.2 BHN) and cast iron (159.3 BHN) were used as target materials. Commercially available sand was used as abrader. Experiments were conducted with two normal loads 53.2 N and 102.4 N. The speed was maintained at 200 rpm. The time of test has 6 minutes, the flow rate was 100 grams/min. The wear loss was estimated and found that wear loss for mild steel and heat resistant steel are comparable which are 0.41 and 0.29 at a load of 53.2 N and 0.82 and 0.57 at a load of 102.4 N. The wear loss was estimated and found that wear loss for high carbon high chromium steel and cast iron of 0.08 and 0.04 at a load of 52.3 N and 0.16 and 0.06 at a load of 102.4 N which is again comparable.

Keywords: 130.9 BHN heat resistant steel (155.6 BHN) High carbon high chromium steel (158.2 BHN) and cast iron (159.3 BHN), 102.4 N,

References:
1.          Archard, J.F.1953, Contact and rubbing surfaces, J, Appl.Phys,24,981-988
2.          Bhansali, K.J. 1980 Wear coefficients of hard surfacing materials, in wear control handbook, Peterson M.B and Winer, W.O. (Eds), ASME , 373-383.
3.          Hirst, W. 1957, in proceedings of the conference on lubrication and wear, ImechE, London, 674
4.          Hokkirigawa, K. 1997, Wear maps of ceramics, Bulletin of the ceramic society of japan,1, 19-24.
5.          Holm, R. 1946, Electric contact. Almquist and Wiksells, Stockholm, Section 40.
6.          Lancaster, J.K 1978, Trans. Inst. Metal Finish. 56,4,145.
7.          Rabinowicz, E. 1980, Wear coefficients – metals, wear control hand book, Peterson M.B and Winer, W.O. (Eds), ASME , 475. 
8.          Lim,S.. and Ashby, M.F. 1987, Wear Mechanism maps, Acta Metallurgica, 35, 1, 1-24.
9.          Hokkirigawa, K. and Kato, K 1988, An experimental and theoretical investigation of Ploughing, Cutting and wedge formation under abrasive wear. Tribology Int, 21, 1, 19-24.
10.       Chiou, Y,C., Kato, K., and Kayaba, T. 1985, Effect of normal stiffness in loading system on wear of carbon steel- Part 1; Severe-mild steel wear transition,
ASME, J. Tribology, 107, 491-495.
11.       Cho, S.J., Hockey, B.J., and Lawn, B.R. 1989, Grain size and R Curve effects in abrasive wear of alumina, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 72,7, 1949-1952.
12.       Burwell, J.T 1957/58, Survey of possible wear mechanisms, Wear, 1, 119-141.
13.       Khozi Kato and Khoshi Adachi, 2001, Wear mechanisms, Wear, 7, 291-304, CRC press LLC.
14.       Suresh gowda et al, 2016, influence of ball material on deformation in non-conforming contact ball elements, IJRTE, Vol, 1, 1-8.

40-46

8.

Authors:

Sanjivan Mahadik, S. R. Bhagat

Paper Title:

USE of Composite Materials in Seismic Retrofitting of RC Shear Wall

Abstract:      A majority of the structures throughout the world are constructed of reinforced concrete. Reinforced concrete has good compressive strength but it shows brittle failure at joints or connections when subjected to bending moment due to seismic load. Some seismic load resisting system is essential to minimize the effect of seismic load to avoid failure of structures. The most common lateral load resistance systems found in many reinforced concrete structures is shear walls.  Shear walls have been widely accepted as effective alternatives to moment resistant frames in seismic design of concrete structures. The main purpose of providing shear walls is to resist wind and earthquake forces in addition to gravity force. Many existing buildings which have been constructed without proper provisions of seismic resisting aid but these structures have RC walls around the stair blocks and elevator or along the structure perimeter. These elements are often reinforced to resist the vertical loads only, without considering the seismic actions. In few cases, the elements may be reinforced to resist horizontal wind loads but this provided reinforcement may be insufficient and effective against the design seismic actions recommended by the latest standards. In order to transform the existing RC walls into seismic resistant shear walls, different retrofit materials and techniques are traditionally proposed. Several composite materials have been tried by researchers to improve the behaviour of concrete used in different structural members and shear walls to improve their strength either for retrofitting or repair. Transformation of the existing RC walls into anti-seismic shear walls is often preferred due to simplicity and having no drawbacks. Structural members including shear wall requires retrofitting or repair due to change in codal provisions or changes in structure due to functional requirement or due to any other reason. Several composites available in market can be easily utilized for the purpose with different technique. This paper covers review of these methods and technique used in retrofitting RC shear wall.

Keywords:  composite materials, seismic retrofitting, base isolation, strength, stiffness, ductility

References:
1.       Arabzadehn, M.Soltani,A.Ayazi,“Experimental investigation of composite shear walls under shear loadings”, Thin-Walled Structures 49 (2011) 842–854.
2.       A.Kheyroddin And H. Naderpour, “Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis Of Composite RC Shear Walls”, Iranian Journal of Science & Technology, Transaction B, Engineering, Vol. 32, No. B2, pp 79-89.
3.       Abhijit Mukherjee and Mangesh V. Joshi, “Seismic retrofitting technique usingfibercomposites”,December 2001, The Indian Concrete Journal, pp 1-7
4.       A.Mariniand A. meda, “Seismic Retrofitting of Existing Shear Walls By Means Of High Performance RC Jacket”, The 14 World Conference On Earthquake Engineering October 12-17, (2008) 1-8.
5.       AmirMofidiOmer Chaallal,“Shear Strengthening of RC Beams with Externally Bonded FRP Composites”, Effect of Strip-Width-to-Strip-Spacing Ratio742 / journal of composites for construction © asce / September/October( 2011)  732-742.
6.       Cao Wanlin, Zhang Jianwei, Dong Hongying and Wang Min, “Research on seismic performance of shear walls with concrete filled steel tube columns and concealed steel trusses”, vol.10, No.4 Earthquake Engineering And Engineering Vibration December, (2011) 10:535-546.
7.       D. Dan, A. Fabian, V. Stoian,  “Theoretical and experimental study on composite steel–concrete shear walls with vertical steel encased profiles”, Journal of Constructional Steel Research 67 (2011) 800–813
8.       FarzadHatamiAli Ghamari, AlirezaRahai, “Investigating the properties of steel shear walls reinforced with Carbon Fiber Polymers (CFRP)”,  Journal of Constructional Steel Research 70 (2012) 36–42.
9.       Gustavo J. Parra-Montesinos,“High-Performance Fiber-Reinforced Cement Composites an Alternative for Seismic Design of Structures”, ACI structural journal paper Ti ACI S Title no. 102, vol.102,No-5,Sept.-Oct.2005 668-675.
10.    Gustavo J. Parra-Montesinos, B. Afsin Canbolat, and Ganesh R. Jeyaraman,“Relaxation of Confinement Reinforcement Requirements in Structural Walls Through   the Use of Fiber Reinforced Cement Composites”, paper from internet.
11.    Giuseppe Oliveto and Massimo Marletta, “Seismic Retrofitting Of Reinforced Concrete Buildings Using Traditional and Innovative Techniques”, ISET Journal of Earthquake Technology, Paper no. 454, Vol. 42, No. 2-3, June-September (2005) 21-46.
12.    H. El-Sokkary& K. Galal, “Cyclic Tests on FRP-Retrofitted RC Shear Wall Panels”,15 WCEE LISBOA 2012Department of Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. 1-9
13.    HamedLayssi, Denis Mitchell,“ Experiments On Seismic Retrofit And Repair ofReinforced Concrete Shear Walls”, Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on FRP Composites in Civil Engineering, CICE 2012 01/2012  www.iifc-hq.org/.../02_713
14.    H.K.Choi, “Retrofitting shear wall different methods”, The 14th World Conference on Earthquake October 12-17, (2008) 1-8.
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16.    K. Behfarnia, and A.R. Sayahb, “FRP Strengthening Of Shear Walls With Openings” Asian Journal of Civil Engineering (Building And Housing) VOL. 13, NO. 5 (2012) PAGES 691-704
17.    K. Gala and H. El-Sokkary, “Recent Advancements in Retrofit of RC Shear Walls”, The 14 World Conference on Earthquake Engineering October 12-17, 2008, Beijing, China. Volume 2, No 4, (2012) 1-10
18.    Nayera Mohamed, “Evaluation of a Shear Wall Reinforced with Glass FRP Bars Subjected to Lateral Cyclic Loading”, IPFIS (2012)1- 8.
19.    M.Asfa ,D. Mostofinejad, N. Abdoli,  “Effect of FRP Strengthening on the Behavior of Shear Walls with opening”, CICE 2010 - The 5th International Conference on FRP Composites in Civil Engineering September 27-29, (2010) 1-10
20.    M.A. Ismaeil,A. E. Hassaballa,“Seismic Retrofitting of a RC Building by Adding Steel Plate Shear Walls”, IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 7, Issue 2 (May. - Jun. 2013), PP 49-62.
21.    M. El Gawadyet, “Review of Conventional Seismic Retrofitting Techniques for Urm”.13th International Brick and Block Masonry Conference Amsterdam, July 4-7,
2004 1-10
22.    Mehdi Ghassemieh, Mohammad Reza Bahaari, Seyed Mohyeddin Ghodratian, Seyed Ali Nojoumi, “Improvement of Concrete Shear Wall Structures by Smart Materials” Open Journal of Civil Engineering, (2012), 2, 87-95
23.    M. F. Humphreyse, “TheUse of Polymer Composites in Construction in Europe”, State-of-the-Art Review.paper from internate.eprints.qut.edu.au/139/1/Humphreys-polymercomposites
24.    Masoud Motavalli, Christoph Czaderski, “FRP Composites for Retrofitting of Existing Civil Structures in Europe”, State-of-the-Art Review. Switzerland, Journal of composite construction, vol. 15 construction ASCE Oct. (2007) 1-11.
25.    MasoudMotavalli, Christoph Czaderski, Kerstin Pfyl–Lang, “Prestressed CFRP for Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete Structures”,194 / Journal Of Composites For Construction © Asce / March/April (2011) 194-205.
26.    Pravin B. Waghmare,  “Materials and Jacketing Technique for Retrofitting of Structures”, International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Studies. Vol1/Issue1/octomber-december (2011) 15-19
27.    Pert Kambale, Victor C. LI, HydeyukiHorII,TetsushiKanada,  Shinya Takeuchi, “Use of BMC for ductile structural members”,   Proc. Int. Symm. “Brittle Matrix Composites 5”Warsaw October 13-15,(1997) 579-588.
28.    Shyh-Jiann Hwang, Yaw-ShenTu, Yung-HsinYeh, and Tsung-ChihChiou, “Reinforced Concrete Partition Walls Retrofitted with Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer”https://mceer.buffalo.edu/research/International.../hwang_sj_ncree.
29.    Wanlin CAO, Jianwei Zhang, Jingna Zhang, Min Wang, “Experimental study on seismic behavior of mid-rise RC shear wall with concealed truss”, Front. Archit. Civ. Eng. China 2009, 3(4): 370–377.
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9.

Authors:

Pallavi Bhale, P.J. Salunke

Paper Title:

Analytical Study and Design of Diagrid Building and Comparison with Conventional Frame Building

Abstract:       The diagrid structural system has been widely used for tall buildings due to the structural efficiency and aesthetic potential provided by the unique geometric configuration of the system. In present work, concrete diagrid structure is analyzed and compared with conventional concrete building. Structural design of high rise buildings is governed by lateral loads due to wind or earthquake and its resistance is provided by interior structural system or exterior structural system. Due to inclined columns lateral loads are resisted by axial action of the diagonal in diagrid structure compared to bending of vertical columns in conventional building. A regular five storey RCC building with plan size 15 m × 15 m located in seismic zone V is considered for analysis. STAAD. Pro software is used for modelling and analysis of structural members. All structural members are designed as per IS 456:2000 and load combinations of seismic forces are considered as per IS 1893(Part 1): 2002. Comparison of analysis results in terms of storey drift, node to node displacement, bending moment, shear forces, area of reinforcement, and also the economical aspect is presented. Drift in diagrid building is approx. half to that obtained in conventional building. Steel consumed in diagrid building is 33.21 % less as compared to conventional frame.

Keywords: Diagrid building, conventional building, storey drift, economy, seismic forces

References:
1.       Clark w, kingston j. 1930. The skyscraper: a study in the economic height of modern office buildings. American institute of steel construction: new york.
2.       Khan, f.r., & sbarounis, j. (1964). Interaction o shear walls and frames in concrete structures under lateral loads. Structural journal of the american society of
civil engineers, 90(st3), 285‐335.
3.       Khan, f.r. (1969). Recent structural systems in steel for high‐rise buildings. In proceedings of the british constructional steelwork association conference on steel in architecture. London: british constructional steelwork association.
4.       G. Davenport, “the response of six building shapes to turbulent wind”, seria a, mathematical and physical sciences. Vol. 269, no. 1199, a discussion on
architectural aerodynamics, 1971, pp. 385‐394. 
5.       Khan, f.r. (1973). Evolution of structural systems for high‐rise buildings in steel and concrete. In j. Kozak (ed.), tall buildings in the middle and east europe: proceedings of the 10th regional conference on tall buildings‐planning, design and construction. Bratislava: czechoslovak scientific and technical association.
6.       Popov, e.p. (1982). Seismic framing systems for tall buildings. Engineering journal/american institute of steel construction, 19(third quarter), 141‐149.
7.       Council on tall buildings and urban habitat. 1995. Structural systems for tall buildings. Mcgraw‐hill: new york.
8.       Aisc. 1998. Manual of steel construction: load and resistance factor design. American institute of steel construction: chicago, il.
9.       Kareem, t. Kijewski and y. Tamura, “mitigation of motions of tall buildings with specific examples of recent applications”, wind and structures, vol. 2, no.3, 1999, pp. 201‐251.
10.    Ali, m.m. (2001). Art of the skyscraper: the genius of fazlur khan. New york: rizzoli.
11.    Kimura, y., macrae, g. A., and roeder, c., “column stiffness effects on braced frame seismic behaviour," proceedings of the 7th u.s. National conference on earthquake engineering, eeri, boston, paper no. 49, 2002.

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10.

Authors:

Akshada D. Padwal, Tejas Pawar, Pratik R. Vishwakarma, Asif H. Shaikh, Satish S. Chinchanikar

Paper Title:

Review on Direct Shift Gearbox

Abstract:      At the time of launch in 2003- DSG became the world's first dual clutch transmission in a series production car, in the German-market .Automatic gear boxes are becoming popular today in most of the vehicles due to number of benefits like high efficiency, better fuel economy, smoother operation, consistent downshift time etc. Direct shift gearbox is one of them .By using two independent clutches, a DSG can achieve faster shift times,[2][5] and eliminates the torque converter of a conventional epicyclic automatic transmission.[2]This paper gives detailed insight into the different features of DSG i.e. variations ,controls, operation, advantages applications and why its use should be encouraged

Keywords: DSG controls, ECU, Operation, Upshift.

References:
1.       Volkswagen Service Training Manual 308 - 02E 6-speed DSG
2.       "Volkswagen DSG - World's first dual-clutch gearbox in a production car". Volkswagen-Media-Services.com (Press release).
3.       "Twin Clutch / Direct Shift Gearbox (DSG) - What it is, how it works". Cars.About.com. Retrieved 27 October 2009.
4.       Mark Wan. Gearbox "Transmission - Twin-Clutch Gearbox".
5.       "How the Dual Clutch Transmission Works". DCTfacts.com. The Lubrizol Corporation. 2009. Archived from the original on 17 September 2009. Retrieved 27 October 2009.
6.       "The 7-speed DSG - the intelligent automatic gearbox from Volkswagen". VolkswagenAG.com. Volkswagen Group / Volkswagen AG. 21 January 2008. Retrieved 3 November 2009.
7.       "Volkswagen Group extends reach of dual clutch transmissions". DCTfacts.com. The Lubrizol Corporation. 8 May 2009. Archived from the original on 4 November 2009. Retrieved 27 October 2009.
8.       ETKA
9.       Volkswagen Service Training Manual 390 - 0AM 7-speed DSG
10.    "Golf Plus on the Road". DCTfacts.com. The Lubrizol Corporation. 2009. Archived from the original on 7 October 2011. Retrieved 28 October 2009.
11.    www.carwow.co.uk

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11.

Authors:

S. Gopi Prasad, B. Shankar

Paper Title:

Restoration of Tanks in Bangalore Metropolitan Area: Issues and Guidelines

Abstract:   Bangalore Metropolitan Area, India, is characterized by the integral presence of water bodies (Lakes/tanks) both manmade and natural, with over 400  in total and with over 90 tanks within the metropolitan area and City corporation limits respectively. The city has witnessed unprecedented growth at 3.25 % in the previous decade, while registering a 4.46 % annual growth rate in the past decade. The growth has led to a sprawl and led to indiscriminate use of land, encroachment of water ways/water bodies. The neglect by the authorities coupled with the letting of the sewage and waste water into the water courses have led to environmental degradation and loss of resources. Over the past decade, there have been series of policy and practice interventions adopted by the Government leading to the conservation and rejuvenation of the tanks with varied success.  The efforts have been to direct the interventions to serve: better land use management and integration of open spaces. This being tackled through the formal land use plan documents such as the Master plan and protection from encroachments through use of legal instruments; better storm water management allowing the tanks to act as detention ponds and prevent flooding; integrating the tanks with the urban water supply system with provision of utilizing the tanks for storage of re-cycled water and supply reservoirs and improvements to surrounding urban environment and urban ecology/ bio diversity. The paper review  various interventions by highlighting the significant results accrued and provides important directions for the strengthening the interventions with a mix of regulatory, ecological, technical and financial parameters at various levels through institutions.

Keywords: Tanks, Restoration, land use, management Policy Guidelines.

References:
1.        Gopi Prasad S and Shankar B: “ Land Use Planning for Social Infrastructure in Bangalore Metropolitan Area: Issues and Policies”, International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE), ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-2, Issue-5, November 2013
2.        Gopi Prasad S and Shankar B: “Transitioning Cities: Choices And Agenda To Address Growth And Management: The Case of Bangalore”, International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER), Vol. 3, Issue. 6, Nov - Dec. 2013 www.ijmer.com  ISSN: 2249-6645
3.        Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) (2006) City Development Plan for Bangalore, available at
http://jnnurm.nic.in/toolkit/Bangalore.htm
4.        Bangalore Development Authority (BDA) (2007). ‘Revised Master Plan - 2015, Vision Document, Volume 3’, Bangalore.
5.        Bangalore Development Authority( BDA) (1995), Comprehensive Development Plan-2011, Report and Land Use Zonal Regulations, Government of Karnataka, Bangalore
6.        3iNetwork (2006), “Indian Infrastructure Report 2006- Urban Infrastructure”, Oxford University Press.
7.        3iNetwork (2009), “Indian Infrastructure Report 2009, Land-A Critical Resource for Infrastructure”, Oxford University Press.

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12.

Authors:

S. Gopi Prasad, B. Shankar

Paper Title:

Spatial Data Infrastructure for Metropolitan Bangalore: Opportunities and Challenges

Abstract:    The Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) at the metropolitan level isdescribed as the “implementation of a framework comprising of geographical data, the technology, human resources, Policies and standards”. The objective is to allow the use of spatial data in an efficient and flexible way for the identified stakeholders in the Metropolitan area to achieve the better planning and city management. The Bangalore Development Authority (BDA had initiated the implementation of the Metropolitan Spatial Data Infrastructure (MSDI) within the jurisdiction of Bangalore Metropolitan Area early 2003. The  overall goal of the initiative was to enable BDA to effectively carry out urban planning , assist in decision making, regulation and enforcement, as well as to host the spatial data for other stakeholders , by becoming a nodal base mapping agency or  centre.  The formal implementation of the initiative has been in co-terminus with the approval of the Revised Master Plan 2015 in the year 2007. Subsequently, there were various additional initiatives that have been taken up based on the needs of BDA and other Stakeholder. The paper traces the important follow-up initiatives for implementation of MSDI by illustrating cases. An attempt is made to highlight the opportunities and challenges for effective of metropolitan spatial data infrastructure as a platform for all the stakeholders.

Keywords:  Spatial Data, Infrastructure, Metropolitan, Land Use, Water Bodies

References:
1.        The White House, Office of Management and Budget (2002) Circular No. A-16 Revised, August 19, 2002, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_data_infrastructure,
2.        Pramod K Singh, Spatial Data Infrastructure in India: Status, Governance Challenges, and Strategies for Effective Functioning- International Journal of Spatial Data Infrastructures Research, 2009, Vol. 4, 359-388.
3.        Ian Bishop, et al, Spatial data infrastructure for developing cities: Lessons from Bangkok experience, Cities, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 85–96, Pergamon, 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd.
4.        VivianRaiborde, 2007, Metropolitan Spatial Data Infrastructure Empowering Government Authorities Through Modern Spatial Tools and Techniques, accessed at http://www.gisdevelopment.net/application/urban/overview/ma06_83.htm.
5.        Anjali Karol Mohan, ChampakaRajagopal, Outsourcing Governance? Revising the Master Plan of Bangalore, 46th ISOCARP Congress 2010, Pg.8t http://www.isocarp.net/Data/case_studies/1810.pdf.
6.        Abbas Rajabifard, Ian P. Willamson,SPATIAL DATA INFRASTRUCTURES: CONCEPT, SDI HIERARCHY AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS, http://csdila.unimelb.edu.au/publication/conferences/SDI_concepts_Iran.pdf.
7.        Olivier Toutain and S. Gopiprasad,  Planning for Urban Infrastructure, India Infrastructure Report, Oxford University Press, 2006.
8.        Gopi Prasad S and Shankar B: “ Land Use Planning for Social Infrastructure in Bangalore Metropolitan Area: Issues and Policies”, International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering, Volume-2, Issue-5, Nov. 2013
9.        Gopi Prasad S and Shankar B: “Transitioning Cities: Choices And Agenda To Address Growth And Management: The Case of Bangalore”, International Journal of Modern Engineering Research, Vol. 3, Issue. 6, Nov - Dec. 2013.
10.     Bangalore Development Authority, Revised Master Plan 2015- Vision Document, 2007.
11.     Bangalore Development Authority. www.bdabangalore.org
12.     Interview with BDA EDP cell and Town Planning Department, Engineering department, With Private sector technology vendors M/s. Sky group M/s. ides consulting private ltd. M/s. Geogo technologies. 
13.     www.esri.com/sdi
14.     https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_data_infrastructure
15.     www.csdila.inimel.edu.au
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17.     www.elsevier.com/locate/cities

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