Volume-7 Issue-4, November 2018 – International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE)

C1750077318

IJRTE Journal — Tue, 01 Nov 2022 06:22:14 +0000

A Survey of Fuzzy Clustering Algorithms: A Review
Nupur Tyagi¹, Archita Bhatnagar²
">¹Nupur Tyagi, Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut (Uttar Pradesh), India.
²Archita Bhatnagar, Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut (Uttar Pradesh), India.
Manuscript received on 04 July 2018 | Revised Manuscript received on 23 July 2018 | Manuscript published on 30 July 2018 | PP: 1-4 | Volume-7 Issue-3, July 2018 | Retrieval Number: C1750077318©BEIESP
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© The Authors. Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP). This is an open access article under the CC-BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Abstract: This paper is an overview of fuzzy set hypothesis connected in group examination. These fluffy grouping calculations have been broadly contemplated and connected in an assortment of substantive territories. They likewise turn into the real systems in group investigation. In this paper, we give a study of fuzzy grouping in three classifications. The main classification is the fuzzy grouping in view of fluffy connection. The second one is the fuzzy bunching in view of target work. At last, we give a diagram of a nonparametric classifier. That is the fuzzy summed up k-nearest neighbor run the show. Picture division particularly fuzzy based picture division systems are generally utilized due to powerful division execution. Therefore, an immense number of calculations are proposed in the writing. This paper shows a review report of various kinds of traditional fuzzy grouping methods which accessible in the writing.
Keywords: Clustering, FCM, K-Means, Matlab, Fuzzy Clustering, Image Segmentation.
Scope of the Article: Clustering

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E1856017519

IJRTE Journal — Tue, 01 Nov 2022 06:09:02 +0000

Interference based All-optical 4 × 2 Encoder
Enaul haq Shaik¹, Krishna Prasad Satamraju², Riyazuddien Shaik³, Vasantha Lakshmi Movva⁴
¹Enaul Haq Shaik, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Vasireddy Venkatadri Institute of Technology, Nambur, Guntur (A.P), India.
²Krishna Prasad Satamraju, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Vasireddy Venkatadri Institute of Technology, Nambur, Guntur (A.P), India.
³Riyazuddien Shaik, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Vasireddy Venkatadri Institute of Technology, Nambur, Guntur (A.P), India.
⁴Vasantha Lakshmi Movva, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Vasireddy Venkatadri Institute of Technology, Nambur, Guntur (A.P), India.
Manuscript received on 24 September 2018 | Revised Manuscript received on 30 September 2018 | Manuscript published on 30 November 2018 | PP: 338-341 | Volume-7 Issue-4, November 2018 | Retrieval Number: E1856017519©BEIESP
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© The Authors. Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP). This is an open access article under the CC-BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Abstract: In this article, we propose the design of all-optical photonic crystal based 4 × 2 encoder by interconnecting cross-shaped waveguide dependent OR gate. Initially the design and operation of photonic crystal based OR gate using cross-shaped waveguide is discussed with an additional reference input. The phase of all the input light signals are maintained at zero in order to have constructive interference to perform OR function. Later, OR gates are interconnected to realize encoder in such a way that the light path from the input ports to cross-shaped waveguide junctions be same. The structure is numerically simulated using Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method and observed that the contrast ratio is 7.98 dB. Also, the size of the proposed structure is quite smaller by 84.7% and 22.07% than self-collimation and resonance based designs existing in the literature so far. With the fair results obtained, it can be concluded that the proposed encoder is suitable as a basic component in future Photonic Integrated Circuits.
Keywords: Photonic Crystal, All-Optical 4×2 Encoder, Contrast ratio
Scope of the Article: Photonic

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E1855017519

IJRTE Journal — Tue, 01 Nov 2022 06:04:17 +0000

Review of the use of Formal Specification Techniques in Safety Critical Systems
Manohar K. R. Dasannagari¹, Emanuel S. Grant²
¹Manohar K. R. Dasannagari, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
²Emanuel S. Grant, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA.
Manuscript received on 24 September 2018 | Revised Manuscript received on 30 September 2018 | Manuscript published on 30 November 2018 | PP: 334-337 | Volume-7 Issue-4, November 2018 | Retrieval Number: E1855017519©BEIESP
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© The Authors. Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP). This is an open access article under the CC-BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Abstract: In today’s world, computers permeate control systems on which most human lives depend. Thus, the need for software safety is vital. One best approach to ensure the correctness of such systems is to apply formal specification techniques. The use of these techniques helps in the increase of human confidence in safety critical systems. This paper focuses on the review of the use of formal specification techniques in the fields of aviation, and railways. The first section gives a brief description about safety critical systems and formal specification techniques. The second section provides background of the use of formal specification techniques in different areas. The application of formal specification techniques in the railway industry, its advantages and disadvantages will be discussed in third section. The next section provides an insight of application of formal specification techniques in the field of aviation, its pros and cons. The concluding section addresses future need of formal specification techniques usage in safety critical systems that can put human life at stake.
Keywords: Safety Critical Systems, Formal Specification Techniques, Aviation, Railways, Medical.
Scope of the Article: Knowledge Engineering Tools and Techniques

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E1854017519

IJRTE Journal — Tue, 01 Nov 2022 05:59:15 +0000

A Low Power and High Resolution 2nd Order DT Sigma-Delta Modulator for Data Converters
E. Srinivas¹, Lakkireddy Jhansi², N. Sharath Kumar³
¹E. Srinivas, Research Scholar, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad (Telangana), India.
²Lakkireddy Jhansi, M.Tech Student, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Anurag Group of Institutions, Hyderabad (Telangana), India.
³N. Sharath Kumar, M.Tech Student, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Anurag Group of Institutions, Hyderabad (Telangana), India.
Manuscript received on 24 September 2018 | Revised Manuscript received on 30 September 2018 | Manuscript published on 30 November 2018 | PP: 330-333 | Volume-7 Issue-4, November 2018 | Retrieval Number: E1854017519©BEIESP
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Abstract: A 2nd order low power and High Resolution discrete time Sigma-Delta modulator presented in this paper for Analog-to-Digital converters (ADC), is developed using CMOS technology. This paper is specifically designed through which it accepts an input signal of frequency 1 KHz, an over sampling ratio (OSR) ≤512 and sampling frequency up to 2MHZ for a second order Sigma-Delta modulator. It is put in to practice in a standard 0.18 µm (180nm) CMOS technology. The design of the sigma-Delta modulator and the simulation of it is done by using CADENCE tools. To form Sigma-Delta modulator this paper essentially elaborates integrator, summer, comparator, D-Latch and Digital-to-Analog (DAC) converters which are integrated together. The key component used in the design is CMOS Operational Amplifier, the OP-AMP open loop gain is 86.8dB, unity gain frequency 5.41 MHz and power consumption is 35.6microwatts. Finally using a ±1.8 v supply voltage a 2nd order Sigma-Delta modulator is realized.
Keywords: Analog-Digital Converters, Op-Amp, Operational Amplifier, Sigma-Delta Modulator
Scope of the Article: Low-power design

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E1853017519

IJRTE Journal — Tue, 01 Nov 2022 05:53:55 +0000

Analysis of Defective Bearings
M. Rajasekhar¹, T. Prasanth², M. Yasheel³, N. Rufus⁴
¹Dr. M. Rajasekhar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, GIT, Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management, Visakhapatnam (A.P), India.
²T. Prasanth, Department of Mechanical Engineering, GIT, Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management, Visakhapatnam (A.P), India.
³M. Yasheel, Department of Mechanical Engineering, GIT, Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management, Visakhapatnam (A.P), India.
⁴N. Rufus, Department of Mechanical Engineering, GIT, Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management, Visakhapatnam (A.P), India.
Manuscript received on 24 September 2018 | Revised Manuscript received on 30 September 2018 | Manuscript published on 30 November 2018 | PP: 327-329 | Volume-7 Issue-4, November 2018 | Retrieval Number: E1853017519©BEIESP
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© The Authors. Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP). This is an open access article under the CC-BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Abstract: Rolling element bearings are widely used as low friction joints between rotating machine components. A small defect either on raceway or the ball may occur while installation or any other process should be detected. If not detected in time, the defect forms a fatigue and increases upon working, decreasing the life time of bearing and leads to malfunctioning of the machine components. This research work is mainly focused on the frequency of vibrations produced by the bearings with different faults and gives the comparison between vibrational frequency of different faulty bearings and healthy bearing. The results of this experiment are interpreted to shoot out the defect in the bearing, which is helpful in finding the fault in the bearing element without dismantling the machine with reference to the frequency graphs.
Keywords: If Not Detected In Time, The Defect Forms A Fatigue And Increases Upon Working,
Scope of the Article: Predictive Analysis

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E1852017519

IJRTE Journal — Tue, 01 Nov 2022 05:49:12 +0000

Code-Smells Identification by using PSO Approach
G. Ramesh¹, Ch. Mallikarjuna Rao²
¹Dr. G. Ramesh, Associate Professor, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology, Bachupally, Hyderabad (Telangana), India.
²Dr. Ch. Mallikarjuna Rao, Professor in CSE Department, Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology, Bachupally, Hyderabad (Telangana), India.
Manuscript received on 24 September 2018 | Revised Manuscript received on 30 September 2018 | Manuscript published on 30 November 2018 | PP: 323-326 | Volume-7 Issue-4, November 2018 | Retrieval Number: E1852017519©BEIESP
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© The Authors. Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP). This is an open access article under the CC-BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Abstract: Code-smell defines the smells which arise in coding part of the software development life cycle. It is very crucial to detect smells in software projects. If smells are detected earlier then the possibility of occurrence of errors, faults will be reduced. Hence, quality of the software is improved. The existing work used Bayesian approaches, manual approaches and search-based approaches to detect smells. These approaches lack in getting optimization solutions in detecting process. So, paper makes use of one of the popular optimization technique called Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) for detecting the smells in programming part. The technique shows how intelligently the smells are detected and mainly concentrated on five types of smells namely Long Methods, Long Parameters, Large Classes, Duplicated Codes, and Primitive Obsessions. Implementation of this technique is, considering source-code of any software applications or programs and injecting PSO technique into the system. Here, PSO has trained to detect five types of smells whenever their appear in the source-code. Detecting the smells in initial stages of the project gives best performance of the software, and in other hand quality of the software is achieved. Experimental results are shown by using PSO technique, where searching time will be less consumed and accuracy of the system is gained.
Keywords: Code-Smells, Duplicated Codes, Software Quality, PSO.
Scope of the Article: Software Engineering Methodologies

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E1851017519

IJRTE Journal — Tue, 01 Nov 2022 05:13:53 +0000

Evaluation of Thermal Performance and Thickness of Carbon Phenolic Composite Structure under Aero-Thermal Loading
Divya Sri¹, B. Purna Chandra Sekhar², D.V. Seshagirirao³, P.V. Surendra Mohan Kumar⁴
¹Divya Sri, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Achara Nagarjuna University, Guntur (A.P), India.
²B. purna Chandra Sekhar, Assistant professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Achara Nagarjuna University, Guntur (A.P), India.
³D.V. Seshagirirao, Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vasireddy Venkatadri Institute of Technology, Nambur (A.P), India.
⁴P.V.Surendra Mohan Kumar, Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vasireddy Venkatadri Institute of Technology, Nambur (A.P), India.
Manuscript received on 24 September 2018 | Revised Manuscript received on 30 September 2018 | Manuscript published on 30 November 2018 | PP: 318-322 | Volume-7 Issue-4, November 2018 | Retrieval Number: E1851017519©BEIESP
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Abstract: Aerospace structures contain multilayer structures to sustain severe aerodynamic loading and heating. Hence they will be made with a carbon-epoxy internal layer(as a structural layer) whereas carbon phenolic external layer (as thermal protection layer) as a multi-layered component. Carbon-phenolic composites are meant or heat protection of the aerospace like aircraft skins, nozzles and heat shields during the aerodynamic loading conditions. In this paper, the behavior of the thermal protection system under aero-thermal load during re-entry at hypersonic speed through the earth atmosphere has been studied. Thermal performance of the carbon-phenolic components depends on the shape of the structure, velocity of the object, angle of attack and the heat flux experienced. The heat of reaction and pyrolysis process decides the structural integrity of the thermal layer. For various velocities, shapes and heat Flux conditions, the rate of ablation, surface temperature, residual thickness of the material has been evaluated. The heat of reaction and the volume of chemical species evolved under aerodynamic heating are measured by pyrolysis gas chromatography (Py-GC) and thermo-gravimetry (TG), which will be used as inputs or thermal evaluation of the structure. Modeling of the blunt body using CAD and imported to simulation software USIM to visualize different properties of the atmosphere and blunt body model.
Keywords: (As a Structural Layer), (As Thermal Protection Layer) (Py-GC) and Thermo-Gravimetry (TG),
Scope of the Article: Thermal Engineering

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E1850017519

IJRTE Journal — Tue, 01 Nov 2022 05:09:06 +0000

Model Order Reduction of Continuous Interval Systems via Time Moment Matching and Pole Clustering Approaches
Dharma Pal Singh Chauhan¹, V. P. Singh²
¹Dharma Pal Singh Chauhan, Research Scholar, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Raipur (Chhattisgarh), India.
²V. P. Singh, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Raipur (Chhattisgarh), India.
Manuscript received on 24 September 2018 | Revised Manuscript received on 30 September 2018 | Manuscript published on 30 November 2018 | PP: 313-317 | Volume-7 Issue-4, November 2018 | Retrieval Number: E1850017519©BEIESP
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Abstract: In this manuscript, authors propose an algorithm for model order reduction of interval systems. Algorithm utilizes pole clustering and time-moment matching approaches for calculating denominator and numerator of model respectively. In pole clustering approach, poles of the high order system are considered for denominator calculation. According to order of the model, clusters of the poles are framed. Cluster centre of every cluster is determined using inverse distance criterion. Using these cluster centres, model denominator is deduced. Numerator is obtained by equating time moments of system and model. Proposed algorithm is applied on sixth order system and results are compared with other existing techniques which shows that proposed algorithm is superior to other techniques.
Keywords: Inverse Distance Criterion; Interval System; Model-order Reduction; Pole-Clustering; Time-Moment; Time Moment Matching.
Scope of the Article: Clustering

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E1849017519

IJRTE Journal — Tue, 01 Nov 2022 05:03:22 +0000

Slotted Circular Shaped Wide Band Antenna for Wi-Max Application
Devi Perla¹, Rajya Lakshmi Valluri²
¹Devi Perla, Anil Neerukonda Institute of Technology and Sciences Sanghivalasa, Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh), India.
²Rajya Lakshmi Valluri, Anil Neerukonda Institute of Technology and Sciences Sanghivalasa, Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh), India.
Manuscript received on 24 September 2018 | Revised Manuscript received on 30 September 2018 | Manuscript published on 30 November 2018 | PP: 310-312 | Volume-7 Issue-4, November 2018 | Retrieval Number: E1849017519©BEIESP
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© The Authors. Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP). This is an open access article under the CC-BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Abstract: In this paper, Circular shaped Micro strip patch antenna is designed for wide band and to improve the performance of an antenna and applicable for Wi-MAX, a slot is placed on a circularly shaped microstrip patch antenna .FR4 substrate with a relative permittivity of 4.4 and strip line feed is used. When compared to conventional patch antenna, the slotted antenna has better return loss of -35dB and a gain of 5dB. HFSS ( High Frequency Structure simulator is used for designing and simulation of results.
Keywords: Microstrip Patch antenna, Wi-MAX, HFSS, Wide Band.
Scope of the Article: Microstrip Antenna Design and Application

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E1848017519

IJRTE Journal — Tue, 01 Nov 2022 05:00:01 +0000

Future Reality is Immersive Reality
Ch. Chandra Sekhar¹, Shiv Sankar Ch², G. Nageswara Rao³
¹Ch. Chandra Sekhar, Aditya Institute of Technology and Management, Tekkali (A.P) India.
²Shiv Sankar Ch, Infosys Limited, (Telangana), India.
³Dr. G. Nageswara Rao, Aditya Institute of Technology and Management, Tekkali (A.P) India.
Manuscript received on 24 September 2018 | Revised Manuscript received on 30 September 2018 | Manuscript published on 30 November 2018 | PP: 302-310 | Volume-7 Issue-4, November 2018 | Retrieval Number: E1848017519©BEIESP
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© The Authors. Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP). This is an open access article under the CC-BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Abstract: Reality is defined as set of all that is real and has existence unlike imaginary. Immersive Reality is a path breaking technology which bridges the gap between imagination and reality. Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR) and the latest Mixed Reality (MR) together are called as Immersive reality. It has been a quite a few years that way that people interact with content has not changed. Productivity across businesses is not in an encouraging position. This paper highlights how Immersive technologies are going to alter how we interact with content fundamentally. For example, Companies such as GE Renewable Energy and its technology partner Upskill worked together to develop head-mounted display (HMD) which helped employee to receive wiring installation instructions instead of reading a traditional paper manual. Using virtual reality headset, we can take ourselves to imaginary environment. Another development in this field is Microsoft HoloLens which is self-contained holographic computer, helps us in accessing digital content and interact with the holograms in the world around us. The design of all these products aim same goal – being part of human efforts to create better world for people to live in. These kinds of developments can transform the current entertainment, gaming, Education, Training, real estate, hospitality, shopping experience, healthcare, marketing experiences and travel communication businesses. As there are two sides for a coin, there are many issues which Immersive Reality must tackle before it makes global presence. This paper also focuses on the ethical dilemmas that Immersive reality faces.
Keywords: Immersive Reality, Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality, Mixed Reality.
Scope of the Article: Augmented Reality

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