Volume-1 Issue-4, October 2012 – International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE)

D0333091412

IJRTE Journal — Tue, 15 Nov 2022 04:20:39 +0000

Comparative Study: MOSFET and CNTFET and the Effect of Length Modulation
Kuldeep Niranjan¹, Sanjay Srivastava², Jaikaran Singh³, Mukesh Tiwari⁴
¹Kuldeep Niranjan, M. Tech. Scholar (VLSI), SSSIST, Sehore (M.P.), India.
²Prof. Jaikaran Singh, Professor & Head, Depatment of Electronics and Communication, SSSIST, Sehore (M.P.), Inida.
³Prof. Mukesh Tiwari, Professor & Dean, SSSIST, Sehore (M.P.), Inida.
⁴Dr. Sanjay Srivastava, Professor, Department of MSME, MANIT, Bhopal (M.P.), India.
Manuscript received on 18 October 2012 | Revised Manuscript received on 25 October 2012 | Manuscript published on 30 October 2012 | PP: 74-78 | Volume-1 Issue-4, October 2012 | Retrieval Number: D0332091412/2012©BEIESP
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© The Authors. Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP). This is an open access article under the CC-BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Abstract: Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) provide a number of unique feature and special properties that offers a great promise for nanoelectronic applications. In particular, the high electrical conductivity of quantum wires provides a potential solution for on-chip interconnect metals and transistors of future integrated circuits (IC’s). Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are envisioned to be used as the basic building blocks in future electronics application due to their excellent electronic properties such as high mobility, compatibility with high dielectric constants (K) and small diameters resulting in advantageous electrostatics. The purpose of this study was to develop a complete current transport model for carbon nanotube field effect transistors (CNT-FETs) applicable in the analysis and design of integrated circuits. The model was derived by investigating the electronic structure of carbon nanotubes and using basic laws of electrostatics describing a field effect transistor. Traditional MOSFET have the limitation after 60nm, So In this paper we theoretically change the channel material of traditional MOSFET with carbon nano tube (CNT) and compare the characteristics parameter. Here we found a great result like as mobility, device size Switching speed, current capacity. We compare the performance of CNTFET and MOSFET with respect to different type of gate material, effective length, and gate to source voltage. The I-V characteristic of the CNTFET is similar to MOSFET
Keywords: Anisotropy, CNT-FET, Lateral Growth Work Function
Scope of the Article: Study and Experience Reports

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D0332091412

IJRTE Journal — Tue, 15 Nov 2022 04:12:51 +0000

VLSI Implementation of DWT Using Systolic Array Architecture
M.Nireesh Kumar¹, J.Hemanth², K.Durga Prasad³
¹Mr. M. Nireesh Kumar, M. Tech. Student, Department of ECE, JPNCE, Mahbubnagar (Telangana), India.
²Mr. J. Hemanth, Asst. Prof. Department of ECE, Vemu IT, Chittoor (Andhra Pradesh), India.
³Mr. K. Durga Prasad, Assoc Prof Department of ECE, JPNCE, Mahbubnagar (Telangana), India.
Manuscript received on 18 October 2012 | Revised Manuscript received on 25 October 2012 | Manuscript published on 30 October 2012 | PP: 67-73 | Volume-1 Issue-4, October 2012 | Retrieval Number: D0332091412/2012©BEIESP
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Abstract: This work presents an implementation of Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT)using Systolic architecture in VLSI .This architecture consist of Input delay unit, filter, register bank and control unit. This performs the calculation of high pass and low pass coefficients by using only one multiplier. This architecture has been simulated and implemented in VLSI. The hardware utilization efficiency is more compared to the referred due to FBRA Scheme. The systolic nature of this architecture corresponding to a clock speed of 115.9 MHz has its advantage in Optimizing area, time and power. The architecture is simple, modular, and cancelable for computation of one, or multi-dimensional DWT.
Keywords: DWT, Six Tap FIR Filter, Systolic Array Architecture, Decomposition, FBRA.
Scope of the Article: Computer Architecture and VLSI

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D0323091412

IJRTE Journal — Tue, 15 Nov 2022 04:06:41 +0000

Cognitive Radio and Management of Spectrum in a Multi Radio Access Technology Environment
P K Srivastava¹, T R Sontakke²
¹P K Srivastava, Research Scholar, SGGSCOE, SRTM University, Nanded (M.H), India.
²Dr. T R Sontakke, Principal, SCOE, Pune University, Pune (M.H), India.
Manuscript received on 18 October 2012 | Revised Manuscript received on 25 October 2012 | Manuscript published on 30 October 2012 | PP: 57-66 | Volume-1 Issue-4, October 2012 | Retrieval Number: D0323091412/2012©BEIESP
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© The Authors. Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP). This is an open access article under the CC-BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Abstract: Cognitive radio capabilities will lead to the ubiquitous availability of a great variety of innovative services, delivered via a multitude of Radio Access Technologies (RATs). To achieve this vision, heterogeneity in wireless access technologies; including the requirements and capabilities of different services, mobility patterns, devices, and so forth. Since the demand for spectrum gradually increases and will continue to do so in future systems, this paper present some key-issues with respect to efficiently managing spectrum and brought into view the relevant regulatory perspectives. Moreover, the usage of spectrum will not fluctuate between extreme limits, but be constantly at a rather satisfactory level, giving the opportunity to stakeholders to create, introduce and experience innovative services and applications.
Keywords: Cognitive Radio, Radio Access Technologies (RATs), Cognitive Pilot Channel (CPC), Dynamic Spectrum Allocation (DSA).
Scope of the Article: Radio Over Fiber

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D0331091412

IJRTE Journal — Tue, 15 Nov 2022 04:00:17 +0000

Morse Code Reader
N. S. Bakde¹, A. P. Thakare²
¹Nilima S. Bakde, Department of Electronics & Telecommunication, Sipna College of Engineering & Technology, Amravati (Maharashtra), India.
²A. P. Thakare, Department of Electronics & Telecommunication, Sipna College of Engineering & Technology, Amravati (Maharashtra), India.
Manuscript received on 18 October 2012 | Revised Manuscript received on 25 October 2012 | Manuscript published on 30 October 2012 | PP: 53-56 | Volume-1 Issue-4, October 2012 | Retrieval Number: D0331091412/2012©BEIESP
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Abstract: Whilst a cursory scan through the wavebands on a modern “normal” domestic radio receiver may reveal little in the way of Morse code transmission, this communications technique is still very much in use. Tuning in via a “communications receiver” or an older domestic receiver on the short wave (SW) bands will reveal Morse activity. At that time PICs were probably not even a twinkle in the eye of any semiconductor manufacturer. They were certainly not reality. Consequently, the EE design was based on a hardware mark-space ratio detector which fed separate Morse dots, to a pre-PC computer (Commodore PET 32K). This compiled the incoming logic into a binary format, matched it against a lookup table and displayed the results on screen. The design presented here is physically simpler, although the software is considerably more complex. The aspects of this design are different. A handheld unit that can receive Morse code, via audio input (internal microphone) or direct signal connection, and translate it for display on an in-built liquid crystal (LCD) alphanumeric screen. It consists of a PIC microcontroller which provides the interface between the Morse code input and the display unit
Keywords: Major Components And Requirements, Translation Requirements, Binary Format, International Morse Code, Reception Rate, Circuit Diagram, PIC Processing, Message Display
Scope of the Article: Image Processing

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D0330091412

IJRTE Journal — Tue, 15 Nov 2022 03:52:54 +0000

Managing P2P Reputation System Using Decentralized Approach
B. V. S. N. Lakshmi¹, C. Prakasa Rao²
¹B.V.S.N.Lakshmi, Department of CSE, Prakasam Engineering College, Kandukur (A.P), India.
²C. Prakasa R, Associate Professor, Department of CSE, Prakasam Engineering College, Kandukur (A.P), India.
Manuscript received on 18 October 2012 | Revised Manuscript received on 25 October 2012 | Manuscript published on 30 October 2012 | PP: 46-52 | Volume-1 Issue-4, October 2012 | Retrieval Number: D0330091412/2012©BEIESP
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Abstract: In Peer-to-Peer networks, many security mechanisms are based on specific assumptions of identity and are vulnerable to attacks when these assumptions are violated. The traditional security techniques developed for the centralized distributed systems like client-server networks are insufficient for P2P networks by the virtue of their centralized nature. The absence of a central authority in a P2P network poses unique challenges for reputation management in the network. These challenges include identity management of the peers, secure reputation data management, Sybil attacks, and above all, availability of reputation data. In this paper, we present a cryptographic protocol for ensuring secure and timely availability of the reputation data of a peer to other peers. The past behavior of the peer is encapsulated in its digital reputation, and is subsequently used to predict its future actions. As a result, a peer’s reputation motivates it to cooperate and desist from malicious activities. The cryptographic protocol is coupled with self-certification and cryptographic mechanisms for identity management and countering Sybil attack. We illustrate the security and the efficiency of the system analytically and by means of simulations in a completely decentralized P2P network.
Keywords: Peer-to-Peer Networks, Security, Identity Management, Reputation System.
Scope of the Article: Storage-Area Networks

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D0329091412

IJRTE Journal — Tue, 15 Nov 2022 03:46:59 +0000

Monitoring of Sag & Temperature in the Electrical Power Transmission lines
Sauvik Das Gupta¹, Souvik Kundu², Abhishek Mallik³
¹Sauvik Das Gupta, Technical Consultant ESl, Kolkata (West Bengal), India.
²Souvik Kundu, B.Tech. Student, Heritage Institute of Technology, Kolkata (West Bengal), India.
³Abhishek Mallik, Partner ESL, Kolkata (West Bengal), India.
Manuscript received on 18 October 2012 | Revised Manuscript received on 25 October 2012 | Manuscript published on 30 October 2012 | PP: 43-45 | Volume-1 Issue-4, October 2012 | Retrieval Number: D0329091412/2012©BEIESP
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Abstract: For proper transmission of power in overhead transmission lines temperature control and sag monitoring are the two major parameters to be kept in mind. Electrical load variation and environmental changes affect the temperature in the transmission lines. For proper safety measurements these monitoring should be done on a continuous basis. Some of the ongoing temperature and sag monitoring methods that can be sited are the usage of stainless steel temperature probes, glass based sensors, thermocouples, RTDs, and Infrared sensors. However, all these methods have a disadvantage of having loosening of contacts. Cross sensitivity may also arise due to environmental contaminations. The disturbances caused by the different parameters can be stated as follows:- High temperature due to climate changes decreases the efficiency of electrical transmissions. Extreme weather conditions would increase the chances of failure rate of power lines. Temperature rise also results in an increase in thunder storms and results in the lightning strike of power lines. 2 degrees Celsius of temperature rise increases network losses by 0.04%. It is also found that operation of the conductors on high temperature reduces the mechanical integrity of the overhead systems. It is also clear that cumulative damage occurs to the Aluminium metal in the overhead conductors. Hence, in order to overcome these disadvantages, we hypothise the introduction of MEMS (Micro Electro Mechanical Systems) technology through PLZT(L. This is a temperature sensor, which has numerous advantages over the existing ones. The thin film of Lead Lanthanum zirconate titanate (PLZT) will be coated on nickel foil by chemical solution deposition and this will be fabricated as sensor using MEMS technology. The sensor in turn will be embedded in the transmission line at selected point wherefrom monitoring of temperature and sag is quite feasible. This sensor will be having high chemical stability , high mechanical and thermal resistances , good piezoelectric coefficients and enhanced sensitivity for which it will be reckoned to be a more accurate and versatile one.
Keywords: MEMS, PLZT, Ssag, Temperature Control
Scope of the Article: Nano Electronics and Quantum Computing

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D0328091412

IJRTE Journal — Tue, 15 Nov 2022 03:22:00 +0000

A MEMS based Carbon Nanotube–Field Effect Transistor as a Gas Sensor
Sauvik Das Gupta¹, Souvik Kundu², Abhishek Mallik³
¹Sauvik Das Gupta, Technical Consultant ESl, Kolkata (West Bengal), India.
²Souvik Kundu, B. Tech. Student, Heritage Institute Of Technology, Kolkata (West Bengal), India.
³Abhishek Mallik, Partner-ESL, Kolkata (West Bengal), India.
Manuscript received on 18 October 2012 | Revised Manuscript received on 25 October 2012 | Manuscript published on 30 October 2012 | PP: 38-42 | Volume-1 Issue-4, October 2012 | Retrieval Number: D0328091412/2012©BEIESP
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Abstract: This paper deals with the sensing and detection of harmful and toxic industrial gases which are posing a huge threat to the existence of life on earth. In this paper, we hypothise the fabrication of a MEMS based Carbon Nanotubes (CNT)- Field Effect Transistor(FET) which will act as a gas sensor having almost threefold sensitivity and efficiency than the other metal oxide gas sensors such as Tin oxide (SnO2) sensors, which are available in the market.The Field effect transistor of (CNTs) are of great interest for various application including chemical and biological sensing.CNTs can be designed to have specific properties by changing the ratio of the diameters of linearly joined CNTs, which in turn can be used in the fabrication of FETs.The fabricateddevices exhibit good lectrical characteristics showing high Transconductance even at low levels of Gate voltage.With the increasing demand of CNTs in many applications due to its unusual properties, we propose that the fabrication of these CNT- FETs will also be quite economical. In this respect, it is also estimated that with the advent of large scale synthesis methods like Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD), Carbon Arc methods, Laser evaporation etc for CNTs, its cost is also expected to come down in future.
Keywords: CNT-FET, Economical, Gas sensor, MEMS, Transconductance
Scope of the Article: Wearable Sensors and Smart Glasses

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D0326091412

IJRTE Journal — Mon, 14 Nov 2022 11:17:47 +0000

Analysis of Influence of micro-EDM Parameters on MRR, TWR and Ra in Machining Ni-Ti Shape Memory Alloy
Mohammed Sarvar Rasheed¹, A. M. Al-Ahmari², A. M. El-Tamimi³, Mustufa H. Abidi⁴
">¹Mohammed Sarvar Rasheed, Department of Industrial Engineering, King Saud University, College of Engineering, Advanced Manufacturing Institute, Riyadh, KSA.
²A. M. Al-Ahmari, Department of Industrial Engineering, King Saud University, College of Engineering, Advanced Manufacturing Institute, Riyadh, KSA
³A. M. El-Tamimi, Department of Industrial Engineering, King Saud University, College of Engineering, Advanced Manufacturing Institute, Riyadh, KSA.
⁴Mustufa H. Abidi, Department of Industrial Engineering, King Saud University, College of Engineering, Advanced Manufacturing Institute, Riyadh, KSA.
Manuscript received on 18 October 2012 | Revised Manuscript received on 25 October 2012 | Manuscript published on 30 October 2012 | PP: 32-37 | Volume-1 Issue-4, October 2012 | Retrieval Number: D0326091412/2012©BEIESP
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Abstract: In the micro-machining and MEMS industry, micro-Electrical discharge machining (µ-EDM) is an important process. In this paper, the Taguchi design approach has been employed to investigate the micro-EDM parameters in order to achieve the highest Material Removal Rate (MRR), good surface quality and low Tool Wear Rate (TWR) while machining Ni-Ti based Shape Memory Alloy (SMA). Based on these investigations, it has been observed that MRR is highly influenced by capacitance, discharge voltage and depends upon electrode material. TWR and Ra were found to be better at low energy levels. Tungsten electrode is recommended for better surface roughness and brass electrode for better MRR. SEM images have been used to observe the dimensional accuracy of micro-holes produced.
Keywords: Micro-EDM, Micro-Holes, Ni-Ti Shape Memory Alloy.
Scope of the Article: Machine Learning

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D0321091412

IJRTE Journal — Mon, 14 Nov 2022 11:11:41 +0000

Active Contours Techniques for Automatic Detection of Glaucoma
N.Anil Kumar¹, M. Satya Anuradha², Prakash.SSVD.Vepa³, Ravuri Daniel⁴
¹Mr. Neelapala Anil Kumar, Department of E.C.E, Vignan’s Institute of Information Technology, Visakhapatnam (A.P), India.
²Mrs. M. Satya Anuradha, Department of E.C.E, A.U. College of Engineering, Visakhapatnam (A.P), India.
³Mr. Prakash.S.S.V.D. Vepa, Department of Mathematics, Vignan’s Institute of Information Technology, Visakhapatnam (A.P), India.
Mr. Ravuri Daniel, Department of I.T, Vignan’s Institute of Information Technology, Visakhapatnam (A.P), India.
Manuscript received on 18 October 2012 | Revised Manuscript received on 25 October 2012 | Manuscript published on 30 October 2012 | PP: 29-31 | Volume-1 Issue-4, October 2012 | Retrieval Number: D0321091412/2012©BEIESP
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Abstract: The inadequate fluid flow between the iris and cornea of eye leads to glaucoma. The important technique to asses patients effected with glaucoma is analyzed by ultra sound images of the eye, For the detection of the structural changes an algorithm is proposed to focus on automatic detection and determining the exact location of the apex point of the anterior chamber region for efficient angle calculation from the various live ultra sound images. It is very important to detect glaucoma in its early stages for diagnosis and hence this algorithm addresses the importance of precise results with effective immunity towards speckle noise.
Keywords: Active Contours, Angle Calculation, AOD-500 (Angle open distance), Apex Point Determination, Masking, UBM (Ultrasound bio-microscopy)
Scope of the Article: Software Engineering Techniques

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D0320091412

IJRTE Journal — Mon, 14 Nov 2022 11:03:23 +0000

An Innovative Approach for Solving Clock Drift Management Problem using Differential Evolution Algorithm
Nibha Tiwari¹, Sheela Verma²
¹Nibha Tiwari, M. Tech. Scholar, Department of Computer & Engineering, SSEC, Bhilai (C.G.), India.
²Sheela Verma, Asst. Processor, Department of Computer & Engineering, SSCET, Bhilai (C.G.), India.
Manuscript received on 18 October 2012 | Revised Manuscript received on 25 October 2012 | Manuscript published on 30 October 2012 | PP: 25-28 | Volume-1 Issue-4, October 2012 | Retrieval Number: D0320091412/2012©BEIESP
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© The Authors. Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP). This is an open access article under the CC-BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Abstract: Like distributed systems, wireless sensors networks often require a synchronization of time for consistency and coordination of data. Time synchronization is a critical piece of infrastructure in any distributed system. Time synchronization is mostly required in wireless sensor network. Having time synchronization in sensor network it allows collective signal processing, and helps in efficient sharing of the communication channel. Time synchronization is a critical piece of infrastructure for any distributed system. Distributed, wireless sensor networks make extensive use of synchronized time, but often have unique requirements in the scope, lifetime, and precision of the synchronization achieved, as well as the time and energy required to achieve it. The protocol which was developed for time synchronization of wireless sensor networks was Flooding Time Synchronization Protocol (FTSP) In this paper, FTSP is taken under the consideration for clock drift management using differential evolution (DE) algorithm. The paper calculates clock skew and the clock offset, generates linear line and optimizes the value of average time synchronization error using Genetic and DE algorithm. This paper dictates implementation and experimental results that produce reduced average time synchronization error optimized using DE, compared to that of linear regression used in FTSP.
Keywords: Differential Evolution (DE), Flooding Time Synchronization Protocol (FTSP).Time Synchronization, Average Time Synchronization Error, Clock Drift, Wireless sensor network.
Scope of the Article: Wireless Sensor Networks

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