Volume-1 Issue-3, August 2012 – International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE)

C0296071312

IJRTE Journal — Tue, 15 Nov 2022 07:42:00 +0000

Shadow and Nonshadow Detection Using Tricolor Attenuation Model
E.Anil kumar¹, P.Srinivasulu²
¹Mr E.Anil Kumar, Department of DECS, Srikalahasti Institute of Technology, Srikalahasti, Chittoor (Andhra Pradesh), India.
²Mr P. Srinivasulu, M. Tech. Assistant Proffecer Department of ECE, Srikalahasti Institute of Technology, Srikalahasti, Chittoor (Andhra Pradesh), India.
Manuscript received on 18 August 2012 | Revised Manuscript received on 25 August 2012 | Manuscript published on 30 August 2012 | PP: 183-186 | Volume-1 Issue-3, August 2012 | Retrieval Number: C0296071312/2012©BEIESP
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© The Authors. Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP). This is an open access article under the CC-BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Abstract: The shadows are regarded as obstacles in remote sensing image analysis. With high-resolution remote sensing images developed, especially in urban area, shadow detection plays a much more important role in many applications. Shadows, the common phenomena in most outdoor scenes, bring many problems in image processing and computer vision. In this paper ex-tracting shadows from a single outdoor image is presented. Based on image formation theory relationship between shadow and its nonshadow background is derived based on image formation theory. The parameters of the Tri-color Attenuation Model are fixed by using the spectral power distribution (SPD) of daylight and skylight, which are estimated according to Planck’s blackbody ir-radiance law. The proposed shadow detection algorithm when compared to previous methods can extract shadows significantly than the existing methods.
Keywords: Remote Sensing, Shadow Detection, Tricolor Attenuation Model (TAM).
Scope of the Article: Remote Sensing

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C0297071312

IJRTE Journal — Tue, 15 Nov 2022 07:36:06 +0000

Image Coding For Aestentically Acceptable Distortion Using Depth Blurring
C.Yaminika¹, M.Vijayalaxmi²
¹C.Yaminika, Department of DECS, Sri Kalahasteeswara institute of technology, Srikalahasti, Chittoor (Andhra Pradesh), India.
²M.Vijayalaxmi, Assistant Prof., Department of ECE, Sri Kalahasteeswara Institute of Technology, Srikalahasti, Chittoor (Andhra Pradesh), India.
Manuscript received on 18 August 2012 | Revised Manuscript received on 25 August 2012 | Manuscript published on 30 August 2012 | PP: 180-182 | Volume-1 Issue-3, August 2012 | Retrieval Number: C0297071312/2012©BEIESP
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Abstract: Realistic simulation of distance blurring, with the desirable properties of aiming to mimic occlusion effects as occur in natural blurring, and of being able to handle any number of blurring and occlusion levels with the same order of computational complexity will help in compressing the image. Image compression may be lossy or lossless. Lossless compression is preferred for archival purposes and often for medical imaging, technical drawings, clip art, or comics. This is because lossy compression methods, especially when used at low bit rates, introduce compression artifacts. Lossy methods are especially suitable for natural images such as photographs in applications where minor (sometimes imperceptible) loss of fidelity is acceptable to achieve a substantial reduction in bit rate. The lossy compression that produces imperceptible differences may be called visually lossless. the concept of depth-based blurring to achieve an aesthetically acceptable distortion when reducing the bitrate in image coding is proposed which is vital in lossless image compression. Depth-based blurring reduces high-frequency components by mimicking the limited depth of field effect that occurs in cameras. The Proposed algorithm performs better than the existing spatial domain methods, significantly to cope with the challenge of avoiding intensity leakage at the boundaries of objects when blurring at different depth levels.
Keywords: Image Coding, Depth Blurring.
Scope of the Article: Image Processing

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C0278071312

IJRTE Journal — Tue, 15 Nov 2022 07:28:23 +0000

A Comparative Performance Analysis of Load Balancing Algorithms in Distributed System using Qualitative Parameters
Abhijit A. Rajguru¹, S.S. Apte²
¹Abhijit Rajguru, Ph.D. Student, Department of CSE, Solapur University, Solapur (Maharashtra), India
²Dr. Mrs. S.S. Apte, Professor, Department of CSE, WIT Solapur (Maharashtra), India
Manuscript received on 18 August 2012 | Revised Manuscript received on 25 August 2012 | Manuscript published on 30 August 2012 | PP: 175-179 | Volume-1 Issue-3, August 2012 | Retrieval Number: C0278071312/2012©BEIESP
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Abstract: A distributed system can be viewed as a collection of computing and communication resources shared by active users. In this environment, a number of workstations or computers are linked through a communication network to form a large loosely coupled distributed computing system. When the demand for computing power increases, the load balancing problem becomes important. The problem of task scheduling and load balancing in distributed system are most important and challenging area of research in computer engineering. Task Scheduling and load balancing in distributed system has an important role in overall system performance. Task scheduling in distributed system can be defined as allocating processes to processor so that total execution time will be minimized, utilization of processors will be optimized. Load balancing is the process of improving the performance of system through a redistribution of load among processor. In this paper we present the performance analysis of various load balancing algorithms based on different parameters, considering two load balancing approaches static and dynamic. The analysis indicates that static and dynamic both types of algorithm have some advantages as well as disadvantages. The main purpose of this paper is to help in design of new algorithms in future by studying existing static and dynamic algorithms.
Keywords: Load Balancing, Static Load Balancing, Dynamic Load Balancing, Comparative Parameters
Scope of the Article: Parallel and Distributed Algorithms

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C0274071312

IJRTE Journal — Tue, 15 Nov 2022 07:23:25 +0000

Design and Implementation of DSSS-CDMA Transmitter and Receiver for Reconfigurable Links Using FPGA
R. Sarojini¹, Ch.Rambabu²
¹R. Sarojini, M. Tech. Student, Department of GEC, SR Gudlavalleru Engineering College, Gudlavalleru (A.P), India.
²Ch.Rambabu, Assistant professor, Department of GEC, SR Gudlavalleru Engineering College, Gudlavalleru (A.P), India.
Manuscript received on 18 August 2012 | Revised Manuscript received on 25 August 2012 | Manuscript published on 30 August 2012 | PP: 169-175 | Volume-1 Issue-3, August 2012 | Retrieval Number: C0274071312/2012©BEIESP
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Abstract: Direct sequence spread Spectrum (DSSS), is also called as direct sequence code division multiplexing (DS-CDMA). In direct sequence spread spectrum, the stream of information to be transmitted is divided into small pieces, each of which is allocated across to a frequency channel across the spectrum. A data signal at the point of transmission is combined with a higher data-rate bit sequence (also called chipping code) that divides the data according to a spreading ratio. The redundant chipping code helps the signal resist interference and also enables the original data to be recovered if data bits are damaged during the transmission. Direct sequence contrasts with the other spread spectrum process, known as frequency hopping spread spectrum. Frequency hopping code division multiple access (FH-CDMA), in which a broad slice of the bandwidth spectrum is divided into many possible broadcast frequencies. In general, frequency-hopping devices use, less power and are cheaper, but the performance of DS-CDMA systems is usually better and more reliable. In this project direct sequence spread spectrum principle based code division multiple access (CDMA) transmitter and receiver is implemented in VHDL for FPGA. The transmitter module mainly consists of data generator, programmable chip sequence generator (PN sequence generator), direct digital frequency synthesizer (DDFS), BPSK modulator blocks. The receiver modular mainly consists of BPSK demodulator, programmable chip sequence generator (PN sequence generator), matched filters, threshold detector blocks. Modelsim 6.2(MXE) tool will be used for functional and logic verification at each block. The Xilinx synthesis technology (XST) of Xilinx ISE 9.2i tool will be used for synthesis of transmitter and receiver on FPGA Spartan 3E.
Keywords: CDMA, DSSS, BPSK, PN code, DDFS.
Scope of the Article: Mobile Adhoc Network

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C0298071312

IJRTE Journal — Tue, 15 Nov 2022 07:15:31 +0000

Measuring Synchronization for coupled systems using Visibility Graph Similarity
AyanMitra¹, BudhadityaPyne²
¹AyanMitra, Department of Electrical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Jadavpur, Kolkata (West Bengal), India.
²BudhadityaPyne, Department of Electrical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Jadavpur, Kolkata (West Bengal), India.
Manuscript received on 18 August 2012 | Revised Manuscript received on 25 August 2012 | Manuscript published on 30 August 2012 | PP: 163-168 | Volume-1 Issue-3, August 2012 | Retrieval Number: C0298071312/2012©BEIESP
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Abstract: Synchronization is defined as interdependencies among two or more time series. Recent advances on information theory and non-linear dynamical systems has allowed us to investigate different types of synchronization measures on different time series data such Electroencephalogram (EEG), Magnetoencephalogram (MEG) and other non-stationary signals.However,these kind of statistical interdependencies are also prominently observed in the coupled chaotic systems occurring in nature. In most coupled systems the internal variants and the interdependencies among their subsystems are not accessible. Therefore, to measure the statistical interdependencies among the coupled systems, different non-linear approaches has been adopted thateffectively determines the amount of synchronization between the dynamical systems under investigation. In this paper the recently proposed synchronization measurement performance of the Visibility Graph Similarity (VGS)10,11 is computed for two coupled identical Hénon map, two non-identical coupled rössler and Lorenz system over the entire time domain & also compared against linear correlation to estimate the superiority of the method.
Keywords: Coupled Model Systems, Dynamic Systems, Nonlinear System, Synchronization.
Scope of the Article: Expert Systems

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C0295071312

IJRTE Journal — Tue, 15 Nov 2022 07:11:41 +0000

Simulation of Various Classifications Results using WEKA
Shilpa Dhanjibhai Serasiya¹, Neeraj Chaudhary²
¹Ms. Shilpa Dhanjibhai Serasiya, M. Tech. Student, Department of Computer Science Engg., Rajasthan Collage of Engineering for Women, Jaipur (Rajasthan), India.
²Prof. Neeraj Choudhary, Reader, Department of CSE, Rajasthan Collage of Engineering for Women, Jaipur (Rajasthan), India.
Manuscript received on 18 August 2012 | Revised Manuscript received on 25 August 2012 | Manuscript published on 30 August 2012 | PP: 155-162 | Volume-1 Issue-3, August 2012 | Retrieval Number: C0295071312/2012©BEIESP
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Abstract: In this paper, we focused on the construction of class association rules and classification model. In knowledge discovery process association rule mining and classification are two important techniques of data mining and widely used in various fields. In order to mine only rules that can be used for prediction, we modified the well known association rule mining algorithm – Apriori to handle user-defined input constraints. The paper tries to explain the basics of class association rule mining and classification through WEKA. This article presents how problems of classification and prediction can be solved using class association rules. In the simulation on WEKA, we have used selected classification techniques to propose the appropriate result from our training dataset. Thus, by using the simulated results, we suggest the classification using association rules.
Keywords: Association Rule, Class Association Rules, Classification, Data mining.
Scope of the Article: Classification

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C0294071312

IJRTE Journal — Tue, 15 Nov 2022 07:06:28 +0000

Canvassing Various Techniques for Removal of Biological Artifact in EEG
Ashish Raj¹, Akanksha Deo², Manoj Kumar Bandil³
¹Mr. Ashish Raj, Assistant. Prof, Department of Electrical Engineering, IITM, Gwalior (M.P), India.
²Ms. Akanksha Deo, Assistant. Prof, Department of Electrical Engineering, IITM, Gwalior (M.P), India.
³Mr.Manoj Kumar Bandil, Associate Prof, Department Of Electrical Engineering, IITM, Gwalior (M.P), India.
Manuscript received on 18 August 2012 | Revised Manuscript received on 25 August 2012 | Manuscript published on 30 August 2012 | PP: 149-154 | Volume-1 Issue-3, August 2012 | Retrieval Number: C0294071312/2012©BEIESP
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Abstract: EEG is an important tool for diagnosis, monitoring and managing various nervous disorder .It is a neurophysiologic measurement of the electric activity of bioelectric potential of brain. The electrical activity of brain changes in accordance with various parameters inside & outside environment. To study human physiology with respect to EEG, bioelelectric potential of brains is recorded with help of electrodes. These raw signals are firstly processed with help of mathematical tools in order to make them more and more informative. The informative signal thus calculated from recording is known as ERP (event related potential). These ERP data are very specific and it changes with every physiological & biological change in human body. The analysis of ERP has got a wide range of clinical importance. It serves as a base for diagnosis and detection of various diseases. ERP are also helpful in designing various emotion sensor interfaces. But there are certain artifacts which are present in raw EEG recording. These artifacts make the ERP contaminated and it introduces inconsistency in the output. Thus it is necessary to eliminate these artifacts from the EEG. The ERP generated from artifacts free EEG are most suitable for versatile researches and efficient diagnosis. The clinical information thus obtained is of considerable importance in identifying different pathologies. Artifacts in EEG signals arise due to two types of factors; Biological factors and External factors. The Biological factors are caused by EOG (Elecro-oculogram), ECG (Electrocardiogram), EMG (Electromyogram) and Respiratory (PNG).The External factors are caused due to line-interference, leads and electrodes. These noises have an adverse effect on EEG signals and act as a hindrance to obtain clear cut information from EEG signals. This is a paper scrutinizing different methods for removing artifacts with illustrating characteristics of a good informative EEG signal
Keywords: EEG; EMG; ECG; Ocular Artifacts; Muscular Artifacts; Spike Detection; Wavelet Transform; Neural network.
Scope of the Article: Transformation

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C0289071312

IJRTE Journal — Tue, 15 Nov 2022 06:58:32 +0000

Study and Analysis of Image Reconstruction Techniques for Fraud and Tamper Detection in Authenticity Verification
Sonal Sharma¹, Preeti Tul²
¹Sonal Sharma, Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Disha Institute of Management & Technology, Raipur (C.G), India.
²Preeti Tuli, Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Disha Institute of Management & Technology, Raipur (C.G), India.
Manuscript received on 18 August 2012 | Revised Manuscript received on 25 August 2012 | Manuscript published on 30 August 2012 | PP: 145-148 | Volume-1 Issue-3, August 2012 | Retrieval Number: C0289071312/2012©BEIESP
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© The Authors. Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP). This is an open access article under the CC-BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Abstract: Image reconstruction is a very important research problem with respect to information security. Digital image reconstruction is a robust means by which the underlying images can be revealed and analyzed for any fraud. One of the principal problems in image forensics and security systems is determining if a particular image is authentic or not. This can be a crucial task when images are used as basic evidence to influence judgment like, for example, in a court of law. To carry out such forensic analysis, various technological instruments have been developed in the literature. In this paper the problem of detecting if an image has been forged is investigated. To detect such tampering, a novel methodology based on image reconstruction is proposed. Such a method allows understanding with high reliability whether an attack has occurred.
Keywords: Gradient, Poisson Equation, Region of Interest (ROI), Digital Image Forensics, Authenticity Verification, Image Reconstruction from Projections
Scope of the Article: Image Processing

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C0287071312

IJRTE Journal — Tue, 15 Nov 2022 06:54:18 +0000

An Improved Approach of Perturb and Observe Method Over Other Maximum Power Point Tracking Methods
Sonali Surawdhaniwar¹, Ritesh Diwan²
¹Sonali Surawdhaniwar, Raipur Institute of Technology, Raipur (Chhattisgarh), India.
²Ritesh Diwan, Raipur Institute of Technology, Raipur (Chhattisgarh), India.
Manuscript received on 18 August 2012 | Revised Manuscript received on 25 August 2012 | Manuscript published on 30 August 2012 | PP: 137-144 | Volume-1 Issue-3, August 2012 | Retrieval Number: C0287071312/2012©BEIESP
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Abstract: Maximum power point trackers (MPPTs) participate in photovoltaic (PV) power systems for the reason that they maximize the power output from a PV system for a given set of conditions, and therefore maximize the array efficiency. Thus, an MPPT can minimize the overall system cost. MPPTs find and sustain action at the maximum power point, using an MPPT algorithm. Many such algorithms have been proposed. However, one particular algorithm, the perturb-and-observe (P&O) method, claimed by many in the literature to be inferior to others, continues to be by far the most widely used method in viable PV MPPTs. Part of the reason for this is that the published comparisons between methods do not include an experimental comparison between multiple algorithms with all algorithms optimized and a standardized MPPT hardware. This paper provides such a comparison. MPPT algorithm performance is quantified through the MPPT efficiency. In this work, results are obtained for three optimized algorithms. It is found that the P&O method, when properly optimized, can have MPPT efficiencies well in excess of 97%, and is highly competitive against other MPPT algorithms
Keywords: Maximum Power Point Tracking, MPPT efficiency, Power Electronics
Scope of the Article: Probabilistic Models and Methods

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C0273071312

IJRTE Journal — Tue, 15 Nov 2022 06:51:11 +0000

Analyzing the Severity of the Diabetic Retinopathy and Its Preventive Measures by Maintaining Database using Gui In Matlab
Anil Kumar Neelapala¹, Mehar Niranjan Pakki²
¹Neelapala Anil Kumar, Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, Vignan’s Institute of Information Technology, Visakhapatnam (A.P), India.
²Mehar Niranjan Pakki, Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, Vignan’s Institute of Information Technology, Visakhapatnam (A.P), India.
Manuscript received on 18 August 2012 | Revised Manuscript received on 25 August 2012 | Manuscript published on 30 August 2012 | PP: 131-136 | Volume-1 Issue-3, August 2012 | Retrieval Number: C0273071312/2012©BEIESP
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Abstract: Diabetic-related eye disease is a major cause of blindness in the world. It is a complication of diabetes which can also affect various parts of the body. When the small blood vessels have a high level of glucose in the retina, the vision will be blurred and can cause blindness eventually, which is known as diabetic retinopathy. Regular screening is essential to detect the early stages of diabetic retinopathy for timely treatment and to avoid further deterioration of vision. This project aims to detect the presence of abnormalities in the retina such as the structure of blood vessels, micro aneurysms and exudates using image processing techniques by automating the detection of Diabetic retinopathy (DR). This Process is achieved by the fundus images using morphological processing techniques to extract features such as blood vessels, micro aneurysms and exudates and then we calculate the area of each extracted feature. Depending on the area of each feature we classify the severity of the disease. Then finally by knowing the severity of the disease corresponding treatment measures can be analyzed. In addition to this, well established database have been developed regarding the disease analysis of patients which is implemented using GUI in MATLAB. It will surely help to reduce the risk and increase efficiency for ophthalmologists.
Keywords: Diabetic Retinopathy, Exudates, Fundus Camera, Micro-aneurysms, Morphological Operations, Segmentation.
Scope of the Article: Visual Analytics

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